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      • Record: found
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      Late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder : The importance of autoantibody serostatus

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective

          To describe the clinical features of late-onset (≥50 years) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (LO-NMOSD), to compare the outcome with that of early-onset (EO-NMOSD), and to identify predictors of disability.

          Methods

          A retrospective, multicenter study of 238 patients with NMOSD identified by the 2015 criteria. Clinical and immunologic features of patients with LO-NMOSD were compared with those with EO-NMOSD. All patients were evaluated for aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) antibodies.

          Results

          Sixty-nine (29%) patients had LO-NMOSD. Demographic features, initial disease presentation, annualized relapse rate, and frequency of AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG did not differ between patients with LO-NMOSD and EO-NMOSD. Among patients with AQP4-IgG or double seronegativity, those with LO-NMOSD had a higher risk to require a cane to walk (hazard ratio [HR], 2.10, 95% CI 1.3–3.54, p = 0.003 for AQP4-IgG, and HR, 13.0, 95% CI 2.8–59.7, p = 0.001, for double seronegative). No differences in outcome were observed between patients with MOG-IgG and LO-NMOSD or EO-NMOSD. Older age at onset (for every 10-year increase, HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.35–1.92 p < 0.001) in NMOSD, and higher disability after the first attack (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.32–2.14, p < 0.001), and double seronegativity (HR 3.74, 95% CI 1.03–13.6, p = 0.045) in LO-NMOSD were the main independent predictors of worse outcome.

          Conclusions

          Patients with LO-NMOSD have similar clinical presentation but worse outcome than EO-NMOSD when they are double seronegative or AQP4-IgG positive. Serostatus and residual disability after first attack are the main predictors of LO-NMOSD outcome.

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          Most cited references12

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          Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan.

          Joanna Kitley, M Isabel Leite, Ichiro Nakashima … (2012)
          Neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders have been recently associated with the disease-specific autoantibody aquaporin-4, thought to be pathogenic. Identifying this antibody has allowed the clinical phenotype to be broadened. It is clear that some patients with similar clinical features do not have this antibody and may have a different condition with different outcomes and prognosis. Previous clinical neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder studies have included such patients. We investigated clinical outcomes and prognostic characteristics of 106 aquaporin-4 antibody-seropositive patients from the UK and Japan. We looked at predictors of disability outcomes, namely visual disability (permanent bilateral visual loss with visual acuity of <6/36 in the best eye), motor disability (permanent inability to walk further than 100 m unaided), wheelchair dependence and mortality. Data were collected largely retrospectively through review of case records. After median disease duration of 75 months, 18% had developed permanent bilateral visual disability, 34% permanent motor disability, 23% had become wheelchair dependent and 9% had died. Age at disease onset appeared to be an important predictor of disability type. Young-onset patients in the UK, but not the Japanese cohort, commonly presenting with optic neuritis, had a high risk of visual disability while older patients in both cohorts had a high risk of motor disability, regardless of their onset symptom. Genetic factors also appeared important. The UK cohort seemed to have more severe disease than the Japanese cohort, with more severe onset attacks, a higher relapse frequency and greater disability at follow-up, despite earlier immunosuppression. Moreover, within the UK cohort, there were important differences between ethnic groups, with Afro-Caribbean patients having a younger age at disease onset, more brain and multifocal attacks and higher likelihood of visual disability than Caucasian patients. Thus, age at disease onset and genetic factors are both likely to be important in determining clinical outcomes in aquaporin-4 disease. This has important implications for interpreting clinical neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder studies, since clinical features and outcomes appear not to be generic across populations and may need to be tailored to individual groups. These factors need to be explored further in future prospective neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder studies.
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            Antibodies to MOG and AQP4 in adults with neuromyelitis optica and suspected limited forms of the disease.

            Romana Höftberger, María Sepúlveda, Thaís Armangué … (2015)
            We aimed to report the frequency and implications of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-ab) in adults with demyelinating syndromes suspicious for neuromyelitis optica (NMO).
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              Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica.

              Yujuan Jiao, James Fryer, Vanda Lennon … (2013)
              To 1) determine, using contemporary recombinant antigen-based assays, the aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection rate in sequential sera of patients assigned a clinical diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) but initially scored negative by tissue-based indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay; and 2) evaluate the impact of serostatus on phenotype and outcome. From Mayo Clinic records (2005-2011), we identified 163 patients with NMO; 110 (67%) were seropositive by IIF and 53 (33%) were scored seronegative. Available stored sera from 49 "seronegative" patients were tested by ELISA, AQP4-transfected cell-based assay, and in-house fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay. Clinical characteristics were compared based on final serostatus. Thirty of the 49 IIF-negative patients (61%) were reclassified as seropositive, yielding an overall AQP4-IgG seropositivity rate of 88% (i.e., 12% seronegative). The fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay improved the detection rate to 87%, cell-based assay to 84%, and ELISA to 79%. The sex ratio (female to male) was 1:1 for seronegatives and 9:1 for seropositives (p < 0.0001). Simultaneous optic neuritis and transverse myelitis as onset attack type (i.e., within 30 days of each other) occurred in 32% of seronegatives and in 3.6% of seropositives (p < 0.0001). Relapse rate, disability outcome, and other clinical characteristics did not differ significantly. Serological tests using recombinant AQP4 antigen are significantly more sensitive than tissue-based IIF for detecting AQP4-IgG. Testing should precede immunotherapy; if negative, later-drawn specimens should be tested. AQP4-IgG-seronegative NMO is less frequent than previously reported and is clinically similar to AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMO.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Maria Sepulveda:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-645X
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

                1. I have received speaking honoraria from: 1)Sanofi, type of payment: 500 euros for a talk 2) Novartis, 300 euros for a talk 2)Biogen, 500 euros for a talk

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. I have received a grant from the Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, number SLT002/16/00354, as neurologist, from 2017 to 2019.

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Guillermo Delgado-García:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-5879
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. 1. Neurology (Resident & Fellow Section), Editorial Team Member, 2018-present.2. Case Reports in Internal Medicine, Editorial Board Member, 2017-present.

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnolog?a (Conacyt), 737229, 2019-present.

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. Programa de Fomento a la Investigaci?n en Neurociencias Cl?nicas, Programa Universitario de Investigaci?n en Salud, Universidad Nacional Aut?noma de M?xico.

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. Beca Impulso a la Investigaci?n, Fundaci?n Carlos Slim.

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Yolanda Blanco:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Nuria Sola-Valls:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

                1. Dr. Sola-Valls received speaking honoraria from Sanofi, Bayer-Schering, Novartis and Biogen-Idec.

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. N Sola Valls receives funding from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (FI16/00251), Predoctoral Grant for Health Research (PFIS)

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Elena H. Martinez-Lapiscina:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. In the last 2 years and before 16th April 2019, Elena Martinez-Lapiscina has received honoraries from Novartis, Roche and Sanofi for scientific advisory boards outside the scope of this manuscript.

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

                1. In the last 2 years and before 16th April 2019, Elena Martinez-Lapiscina has received travel and accommodation expenses from Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme for national and international meetings.

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. In the last 2 years and before 16th April 2019, Elena Martinez-Lapiscina has received grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain JR16/000016 and PI17/01228

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. In the last 2 years and before 16th April 2019, Elena Martinez-Lapiscina has received grants from Fundacio Privada Cellex.

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Thaís Armangué:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. I received speaker honnoraria from Novartis (not related to this study)

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. I received research support from Instituto Carlos III (PI18/00486) and Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya (SLT006/17/00362) (not related to this study)

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. I received research support from Mutua Madrile?a Fundation AP162572016 and La Marato de TV3 foundation (263/C/2014), not related to this study

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Carmen Montejo:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

                1. (1) Roche Spain, travel reimbursement (2) Novartis, travel reimbursement (3) Genzyme-Sanofi, travel reimbursement, (4)European Academy of Neurology,travel reimbursement, (5) European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis,travel reimbursement

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. (1)affordable eye tracking system to measure eye movement in neurologic diseases

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. (1)Aura Innovative Robotics Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: (1)Aura Innovative Robotics

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Eugenia Martinez-Hernandez:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. JR17/00012: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Madrid, Spain.

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Helena Ariño:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

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                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Domingo Escudero:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

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                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Raquel Ruiz-García:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Sara Llufriu:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

                1. I have received speaking honoraria from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Teva, Genzyme and Merck.

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. I receive research support from the Spanish Government (PI15/00587).

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Josep Dalmau:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. Neurology, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Neurology UpToDate

                Patents:

                1. Patent for Ma2 autoantibody test: US 6,387,639; Issued May 14th, 2002. Patent for NMDA receptor autoantibody test: US 7,972,796 B2 July 5, 2011; European 2057466. Patent for GABAb receptor autoantibody test: US 8,685,656; European 2483417; Patents filed for GABA(A) receptor autoantibody test, DPPX autoantibody test, and IgLON5 autoantibody test.

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. Advance Medical

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. -NIH, RO1NS077851, PI, 2011-2018 -Instituto Carlos III/FEDER (FIS, 14/00203 and CIBERER CB15/00010, and Proyectos Integrados de Excelencia, PIE 16/00014). -Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), and CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya -ERA-NET Neuron

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. Safra Foundation Sage therapeutics Cellex Foundation La Caixa Health Foundation

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License fee payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NMDA receptor autoantibody test/Euroimmun GABA(B)R autoantibody test/Euroimmun GABA(A)R autoantibody test/Euroimmun DPPX autoantibody test/Euroimmun Iglon5 autoantibody test/Euroimmun

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. Patent Ma2 autoantibody test Patent NMDAR autoantibody test Patent GABA(B) receptor autoantibody test Patent application for the use of GABA(A) receptor, DPPX and IgLON5 autoantiboddy tests

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Francesc Graus:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

                1. NONE

                Editorial Boards:

                1. Assistant Editor MedLink Neurology

                Patents:

                1. licensing fee from Euroimmun for the use of IgLON5 as an autoantibody test

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Albert Saiz:
                Comment :

                Scientific Advisory Boards:

                1. NONE

                Gifts:

                1. NONE

                Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

                1. compensation for consulting services and speaker honoraria from Bayer-Schering, Merck-Serono, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, and Roche

                Editorial Boards:

                1. NONE

                Patents:

                1. NONE

                Publishing Royalties:

                1. NONE

                Employment, Commercial Entity:

                1. NONE

                Consultancies:

                1. NONE

                Speakers' Bureaus:

                1. NONE

                Other Activities:

                1. NONE

                Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Commercial Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Government Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Academic Entities:

                1. NONE

                Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

                1. NONE

                License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

                1. NONE

                Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

                1. NONE

                Legal Proceedings:

                1. NONE

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm
                Journal ID (hwp): nnn
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NEURIMMINFL
                Title: Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
                Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2332-7812
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 August 2019
                Publication date Collection: November 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 August 2019
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e607
                Affiliations
                From the Center of Neuroimmunology (M.S., G.D.-G., Y.B., N.S.-V., E.H.M.-L., T.A., C.M., I.P.-V., E.M.-H., H.A., D.E., S.L., J.D., F.G., A.S.), Service of Neurology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (G.D.-G.), National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Service, Sant Joan de Deu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología (R.R.-G.), Centro de Diagnóstico Biomédico, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Catalan Institution for research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain.
                Author notes
                Correspondence Dr. Saiz asaiz@ 123456clinic.cat

                Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.

                The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-645X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-5879
                Article
                Publisher ID: NEURIMMINFL2019021634
                DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000607
                PMC ID: 6745725
                PubMed ID: 31471461
                SO-VID: f1c01697-df6f-4503-9d40-90ee62577a81
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

                History
                Date received : 03 June 2019
                Date accepted : 12 July 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
                Award ID: RD16/0015/0002, RD16/0015/0003
                Categories
                Subject: 17
                Subject: 42
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE

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