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      Réactivation d'hépatite virale B chez un patient traité pour lymphome non hodgkinien B diffus à grandes cellules par rituximab: à propos d'un cas Translated title: Reactivation of hepatitis B virus in a patient treated for non-Hodgkin B diffuse large cell lymphoma with rituximab: about a case

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          Abstract

          La réactivation du virus de l'hépatite B est secondaire à une diminution de l'immunité de l'hôte et peut être suivie d'une poussée d'hépatite aigue potentiellement mortelle. Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient D.H, 47 ans, sexe masculin, AgHBs négatif, jamais transfusé, jamais vacciné contre l'hépatite B qui avait présenté en mars 2013 un LNH B diffus à grandes cellules stade IV par moelle. Traité par 8 cures R-CHOP, il était en rémission complète clinique et paraclinique. Neuf mois après, il fait une rechute de son lymphome classé stade III, associée à une hépatite virale B en réplication virale (18.000 copies/mL): réactivation virale B chez porteur occulte traité avec entécavir 0.5mg par jour pendant 6 mois, l'ADN du VHB était indétectable en fin de traitement. Il avait reçu deux cures de DHAP puis deux cures R-DHAP avec une rémission complète. Lors du recueil des cellules souches en vue de l'autogreffe, l'AgHBs est à nouveau positif. Il a été greffé le 12/01/2015 et continue son traitement antiviral pour 6 mois encore.

          Most cited references8

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          Reactivation of hepatitis B.

          Reactivation of hepatitis B refers to the abrupt increase in hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in a patient with inactive or resolved hepatitis B. Reactivation can occur spontaneously, but more typically is triggered by immunosuppressive therapy of cancer, autoimmune disease, or organ transplantation. Reactivation can be transient and clinically silent, but often causes a flare of disease that can be severe resulting in acute hepatic failure. Most instances of reactivation resolve spontaneously, but if immune suppression is continued, re-establishment of chronic hepatitis occurs which can lead to progressive liver injury and cirrhosis. The best-described instances of reactivation occur in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers with inactive or minimally active disease who are given cancer chemotherapy for lymphoma or leukemia. Typically, serum HBV DNA rises during chemotherapy, followed by a disease flare and HBV DNA clearance with immune reconstitution after chemotherapy is stopped. Special forms of reactivation occur after solid organ and bone marrow transplantation in which chronic infection often results. Several randomized, placebo-controlled trials have shown that reactivation can be prevented by antiviral prophylaxis. Routine prophylaxis is therefore recommended for persons with HBsAg undergoing cancer chemotherapy or transplantation, but major questions remain. Which patients should be screened for HBsAg and should all be treated? Which antiviral should be used and for how long? Should persons with resolved hepatitis B without HBsAg receive prophylaxis? Future research should address the underlying molecular mechanisms of reactivation as well as its optimal means of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in different patient populations.
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            Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy.

            Lamivudine is increasingly being used to prevent hepatitis B reactivation in patients with cancer who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and are undergoing chemotherapy. To determine whether preventive lamivudine reduces chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer who test positive for HBsAg. MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE, TOXNET, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched in all languages until June 2007. Clinical trials and cohort studies that reported the efficacy of preventive lamivudine versus control on HBV reactivation in patients who tested positive for HBsAg and were receiving chemotherapy were included. Additional requirements included minimum sample size (>5 participants per treatment group) and reported HBV-related morbidity and mortality data. Two investigators independently did literature searches and data extraction, and 2 other investigators independently confirmed study eligibility and data retrieval. Fourteen studies (2 randomized, controlled trials; 8 prospective cohort studies; and 4 retrospective cohort studies) met the predefined criteria for analysis. There were 275 patients in the preventive lamivudine group and 475 control participants for the primary end point of HBV reactivation. With preventive lamivudine, the relative risk for both HBV reactivation and HBV-related hepatitis ranged from 0.00 to 0.21. None of the patients in the preventive lamivudine group developed HBV-related hepatic failure (0 of 108 patients vs. 21 of 162 patients), and only 4 deaths were attributable to HBV (4 of 208 patients vs. 27 of 394 patients) in the preventive lamivudine group. Lamivudine was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were noted. The studies included in the meta-analysis did not consistently report all of the outcomes of interest. Sample sizes were small and only 2 studies had a randomized, controlled design. Preventive therapy with lamivudine for patients who test positive for HBsAg and are undergoing chemotherapy may reduce the risk for HBV reactivation and HBV-associated morbidity and mortality.
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              Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients.

              Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is a well-known complication of lymphoma treatment in the pre-rituximab era. This complication has not been as well studied, however, since monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody became the standard regimen for B cell lymphoma. In this retrospective study, 115 B cell lymphoma patients who received rituximab-containing therapy were analyzed. Of 15 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients, five received lamivudine prophylaxis and did not develop HBV-related hepatitis during lymphoma treatment. Eight of ten HBV carriers without lamivudine prophylaxis experienced HBV-related hepatitis, including one fatal hepatic failure. Four (4.2%) of 95 HBsAg-negative patients developed de novo HBV-related hepatitis and two died of fulminant hepatitis. In conclusion, rituximab-based therapy may cause serious HBV-related complications and even death in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                10 September 2015
                2015
                : 22
                : 22
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine de Casablanca, Maroc
                [2 ]Laboratoire d'Hématologie du CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc
                [3 ]Clinique privée, Casablanca, Maroc
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: Bienvenu Houssou, Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine de Casablanca, Maroc
                Article
                PAMJ-22-22
                10.11604/pamj.2015.22.22.7579
                4662540
                ae7149f0-13cf-4229-a971-072538d05855
                © Bienvenu Houssou et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 July 2015
                : 01 September 2015
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                hépatite virale b,immunosuppression,réactivation,hepatitis b virus,reactivation
                Medicine
                hépatite virale b, immunosuppression, réactivation, hepatitis b virus, reactivation

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