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      Prevalence of malaria, prevention measures, and main clinical features in febrile children admitted to the Franceville Regional Hospital, Gabon Translated title: Prévalence et mesures de prévention du paludisme et principales caractéristiques cliniques chez les enfants fébriles admis au centre hospitalier régional de Franceville au Gabon

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          Abstract

          Recently, major progress has been made in controlling malaria in Africa. However, in Gabon, little information is available on the role of malaria in childhood febrile syndromes, the use and efficacy of preventive measures, and Plasmodium species distribution. Here, we characterized malaria in febrile children in Franceville, Gabon through a cross-sectional study at the pediatric unit of the Franceville Regional Hospital. We registered 940 febrile children. Their general condition was markedly altered in 11.7% of cases ( n = 89/760); among them 19 (21.4%) had a severely altered condition. Malaria was the second most frequent etiology (22.0%; n = 162/738), after respiratory tract infections (37.3%; n = 275/738). Children with malaria (63 ± 39 months) were older than children without malaria (40 ± 37 months) ( p = 0.0013). Hemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet values were lower in children with malaria than in those without malaria ( p < 0.0001). Anemia was the most common feature of severe malaria (70.6%; n = 12/17), followed by neurological involvement (23.5%; n = 4/17). The prevalence of malaria was significantly higher in children older than 60 months than in younger children (40% vs. 15.5%; p < 0.0001). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 97.5% of cases (158/162), followed by Plasmodium malariae (2.5%; n = 4/162). Bed net use was high (74.4%; n = 697/936) and contributed to malaria prevention ( p = 0.001). Good basic knowledge of malaria also had a preventive effect ( p < 0.0001). The prevalence of malaria in children in Franceville did not decrease significantly from 2009 to 2012, remaining at about 20%, highlighting that preventive measures should be reinforced.

          Translated abstract

          Récemment, des progrès importants ont été accomplis dans la lutte contre le paludisme en Afrique. Cependant, au Gabon, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur le rôle du paludisme dans les syndromes fébriles des enfants, l’utilisation et l’efficacité de mesures de prévention, et la répartition des espèces de Plasmodium. Dans ce travail, nous avons caractérisé le paludisme chez les enfants fébriles à Franceville, au Gabon par une étude transversale à l’unité pédiatrique de l’Hôpital régional de Franceville. Nous avons enregistré 940 enfants fébriles. Leur état général était nettement altéré dans 11.7 % des cas ( n = 89/760), et sévèrement altéré chez 19 d’entre eux (21.4 %). Le paludisme était la deuxième étiologie la plus fréquente (22.0 % ; n = 162/738), après les infections des voies respiratoires (37.3 % ; n = 275/738). Les enfants atteints de paludisme étaient plus âgés (63 ± 39 mois) que les enfants sans paludisme (40 ± 37 mois) ( p < 0.005). L’hémoglobine, les globules rouges, les globules blancs et les valeurs plaquettaires étaient plus faibles chez les enfants atteints de paludisme que chez ceux sans paludisme ( p < 0.0001). L’anémie est la caractéristique la plus commune du paludisme grave (70.6 % ; n = 12/17), suivie des atteintes neurologiques (23.5 % ; n = 4/17). La prévalence du paludisme était significativement plus élevée chez les enfants âgés de plus de 60 mois que chez les enfants plus jeunes (40 % contre 15 % ; p < 0.0001). Plasmodium falciparum représentait 97.5 % des cas (158/162), suivie par Plasmodium malariae (2.5% ; n = 4/162). L’utilisation des moustiquaires était répandue (74 % ; n = 697/936) et a contribué à la prévention du paludisme ( p = 0.001). Une bonne connaissance de base du paludisme a également un effet préventif ( p < 0.0001). La prévalence du paludisme chez les enfants de Franceville n’a pas diminué de façon significative de 2009 à 2012, demeurant à environ 20 %, ce qui souligne que les mesures préventives doivent être renforcées.

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          Malaria in Brazil: an overview

          Malaria is still a major public health problem in Brazil, with approximately 306 000 registered cases in 2009, but it is estimated that in the early 1940s, around six million cases of malaria occurred each year. As a result of the fight against the disease, the number of malaria cases decreased over the years and the smallest numbers of cases to-date were recorded in the 1960s. From the mid-1960s onwards, Brazil underwent a rapid and disorganized settlement process in the Amazon and this migratory movement led to a progressive increase in the number of reported cases. Although the main mosquito vector (Anopheles darlingi) is present in about 80% of the country, currently the incidence of malaria in Brazil is almost exclusively (99,8% of the cases) restricted to the region of the Amazon Basin, where a number of combined factors favors disease transmission and impair the use of standard control procedures. Plasmodium vivax accounts for 83,7% of registered cases, while Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for 16,3% and Plasmodium malariae is seldom observed. Although vivax malaria is thought to cause little mortality, compared to falciparum malaria, it accounts for much of the morbidity and for huge burdens on the prosperity of endemic communities. However, in the last few years a pattern of unusual clinical complications with fatal cases associated with P. vivax have been reported in Brazil and this is a matter of concern for Brazilian malariologists. In addition, the emergence of P. vivax strains resistant to chloroquine in some reports needs to be further investigated. In contrast, asymptomatic infection by P. falciparum and P. vivax has been detected in epidemiological studies in the states of Rondonia and Amazonas, indicating probably a pattern of clinical immunity in both autochthonous and migrant populations. Seropidemiological studies investigating the type of immune responses elicited in naturally-exposed populations to several malaria vaccine candidates in Brazilian populations have also been providing important information on whether immune responses specific to these antigens are generated in natural infections and their immunogenic potential as vaccine candidates. The present difficulties in reducing economic and social risk factors that determine the incidence of malaria in the Amazon Region render impracticable its elimination in the region. As a result, a malaria-integrated control effort - as a joint action on the part of the government and the population - directed towards the elimination or reduction of the risks of death or illness, is the direction adopted by the Brazilian government in the fight against the disease.
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            Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects

            Summary In the past 150 years, roughly half of the countries in the world eliminated malaria. Nowadays, there are 99 endemic countries—67 are controlling malaria and 32 are pursuing an elimination strategy. This four-part Series presents evidence about the technical, operational, and financial dimensions of malaria elimination. The first paper in this Series reviews definitions of elimination and the state that precedes it: controlled low-endemic malaria. Feasibility assessments are described as a crucial step for a country transitioning from controlled low-endemic malaria to elimination. Characteristics of the 32 malaria-eliminating countries are presented, and contrasted with countries that pursued elimination in the past. Challenges and risks of elimination are presented, including Plasmodium vivax, resistance in the parasite and mosquito populations, and potential resurgence if investment and vigilance decrease. The benefits of elimination are outlined, specifically elimination as a regional and global public good. Priorities for the next decade are described.
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              Plasmodium knowlesi: the fifth human malaria parasite.

              N. White (2008)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2016
                05 August 2016
                : 23
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2016/01 )
                : 32
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unité de Parasitologie Médicale (UPARAM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) B.P. 769 Franceville Gabon
                [2 ] Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé B.P. 4009 Libreville Gabon
                [3 ] Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Génétique, Université des Science de la Santé B.P. 4009 Libreville Gabon
                [4 ] Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku B.P. 901 Franceville Gabon
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: lekana_jb@ 123456yahoo.fr
                Article
                parasite160013 10.1051/parasite/2016032
                10.1051/parasite/2016032
                4974870
                27492564
                adabeeb1-53a2-4daa-8522-31a1e10b9593
                © S. Maghendji-Nzondo et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2016

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 February 2016
                : 25 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Research Article

                febrile syndrome,preventive measures,plasmodium,species,children,gabon

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