Cell transplantation has emerged as an experimental approach to restore brain function after stroke. Various cell types including porcine fetal cells, stem cells, immortalized cell lines, and marrow stromal cells are under investigation in experimental and clinical stroke trials. This review discusses the unique advantages and limitations of the different graft sources and emphasizes the current, limited knowledge about their biology. The survival, integration, and efficacy of neural transplants in stroke patients will depend on the type, severity, chronicity, adequacy of circulation, and location of the stroke lesion.