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      Factores sociales que influyen en aumentar el contagio de la covid-19 en México Translated title: Fatores sociais que influenciam o aumento da propagação da covid-19 no México Translated title: Social Factors that Influence in Increasing the Spread of COVID-19 in Mexico

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          Abstract

          Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue analizar los indicadores de salud y de pobreza que influyen en el aumento de contagios por el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) a través de dos modelos predictivos. Se realizó un análisis en 2409 municipios de México en dos periodos de tiempo. Para el periodo dos (13 de julio del 2021) las variables “Neumonía”, “Asma”, “Otra complicación”, “Obesidad” y “Otro caso” influyeron en el contagio de covid-19 en 0.4024, 0.5229, 2.4246, 1.0053 y 1.4788, respectivamente. De igual forma, las carencias de ingresos, vivienda y alimentación fueron variables sociales que influyeron en el número de contagios, debido a que no se pudo mantener “sana distancia”. Se concluye con la demande de que el Gobierno aplique mayores medidas tanto de salud como de conciencia social al contagio del covid-19, así como de programas sociales en los lugares donde existan personas vulnerables por ingresos, personas con carencia en calidad y espacios de vivienda y personas con carencia en acceso a la alimentación.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi analisar os indicadores de saúde e pobreza que influenciam o aumento de infecções pelo coronavírus tipo 2 causador da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) por meio de dois modelos preditivos. Uma análise foi realizada em 2.409 municípios do México em dois períodos de tempo. Para o período dois (13 de julho de 2021) as variáveis “Pneumonia”, “Asma”, “Outra complicação”, “Obesidade” e “Outro caso” influenciaram a disseminação da covid-19 em 0,4024, 0,5229, 2,4246, 1,0053 e 1,4788, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, a falta de renda, moradia e alimentação foram variáveis sociais que influenciaram o número de infecções, devido ao fato de que uma "distância saudável" não poderia ser mantida. Conclui com a exigência de que o Governo aplique maiores medidas tanto de saúde como de sensibilização social para o contágio da covid-19, bem como programas sociais em locais onde existam pessoas vulneráveis devido a rendimentos, pessoas com falta de qualidade e espaços habitacionais .e pessoas com falta de acesso a alimentos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The objective of this research work was to analyze the health and poverty indicators that influence the increase in infections by the type 2 coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) through two predictive models. An analysis was carried out in 2409 municipalities of Mexico in two periods of time. For period two (July 13, 2021) the variables "Pneumonia", "Asthma", "Other complication", "Obesity" and "Other case" influenced the spread of covid-19 in 0.4024, 0.5229, 2.4246, 1.0053 and 1.4788, respectively. Similarly, the lack of income, housing and food were social variables that influenced the number of infections, due to the fact that a "healthy distance" could not be maintained. It concludes with the demand that the Government apply greater measures of both health and social awareness to the contagion of covid-19, as well as social programs in places where there are vulnerable people due to income, people with a lack of quality and housing spaces. and people with lack of access to food.

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          Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

          Summary Background A cluster of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were successively reported in Wuhan, China. We aimed to describe the CT findings across different timepoints throughout the disease course. Methods Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (confirmed by next-generation sequencing or RT-PCR) who were admitted to one of two hospitals in Wuhan and who underwent serial chest CT scans were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were grouped on the basis of the interval between symptom onset and the first CT scan: group 1 (subclinical patients; scans done before symptom onset), group 2 (scans done ≤1 week after symptom onset), group 3 (>1 week to 2 weeks), and group 4 (>2 weeks to 3 weeks). Imaging features and their distribution were analysed and compared across the four groups. Findings 81 patients admitted to hospital between Dec 20, 2019, and Jan 23, 2020, were retrospectively enrolled. The cohort included 42 (52%) men and 39 (48%) women, and the mean age was 49·5 years (SD 11·0). The mean number of involved lung segments was 10·5 (SD 6·4) overall, 2·8 (3·3) in group 1, 11·1 (5·4) in group 2, 13·0 (5·7) in group 3, and 12·1 (5·9) in group 4. The predominant pattern of abnormality observed was bilateral (64 [79%] patients), peripheral (44 [54%]), ill-defined (66 [81%]), and ground-glass opacification (53 [65%]), mainly involving the right lower lobes (225 [27%] of 849 affected segments). In group 1 (n=15), the predominant pattern was unilateral (nine [60%]) and multifocal (eight [53%]) ground-glass opacities (14 [93%]). Lesions quickly evolved to bilateral (19 [90%]), diffuse (11 [52%]) ground-glass opacity predominance (17 [81%]) in group 2 (n=21). Thereafter, the prevalence of ground-glass opacities continued to decrease (17 [57%] of 30 patients in group 3, and five [33%] of 15 in group 4), and consolidation and mixed patterns became more frequent (12 [40%] in group 3, eight [53%] in group 4). Interpretation COVID-19 pneumonia manifests with chest CT imaging abnormalities, even in asymptomatic patients, with rapid evolution from focal unilateral to diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities that progressed to or co-existed with consolidations within 1–3 weeks. Combining assessment of imaging features with clinical and laboratory findings could facilitate early diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Funding None.
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            COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview

            Background In late December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Summary A few days later, the genome of a novel coronavirus was released (http://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319; Wuhan-Hu-1, GenBank accession No. MN908947) and made publicly available to the scientific community. This novel coronavirus was provisionally named 2019-nCoV, now SARS-CoV-2 according to the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family, Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus. Since its discovery, the virus has spread globally, causing thousands of deaths and having an enormous impact on our health systems and economies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the epidemiology, phylogenesis, homology modeling, and molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. Key Messages Phylogenetic analysis is essential to understand viral evolution, whereas homology modeling is important for vaccine strategies and therapies. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are key to case identification, contact tracing, identification of the animal source, and implementation of control measures.
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              Challenges of COVID-19 in children in low- and middle-income countries

              As the coronavirus pandemic extends to low and middle income countries (LMICs), there are growing concerns about the risk of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in populations with high prevalence of comorbidities, the impact on health and economies more broadly and the capacity of existing health systems to manage the additional burden of COVID-19. The direct effects of COVID are less of a concern in children, who seem to be largely asymptomatic or to develop mild illness as occurs in high income countries; however children in LMICs constitute a high proportion of the population and may have a high prevalence of risk factors for severe lower respiratory infection such as HIV or malnutrition. Further diversion of resources from child health to address the pandemic among adults may further impact on care for children. Poor living conditions in LMICs including lack of sanitation, running water and overcrowding may facilitate transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The indirect effects of the pandemic on child health are of considerable concern, including increasing poverty levels, disrupted schooling, lack of access to school feeding schemes, reduced access to health facilities and interruptions in vaccination and other child health programs. Further challenges in LMICs include the inability to implement effective public health measures such as social distancing, hand hygiene, timely identification of infected people with self-isolation and universal use of masks. Lack of adequate personal protective equipment, especially N95 masks is a key concern for health care worker protection. While continued schooling is crucial for children in LMICs, provision of safe environments is especially challenging in overcrowded resource constrained schools. The current crisis is a harsh reminder of the global inequity in health in LMICs. The pandemic highlights key challenges to the provision of health in LMICs, but also provides opportunities to strengthen child health broadly in such settings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ride
                RIDE. Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo
                RIDE. Rev. Iberoam. Investig. Desarro. Educ
                Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Docente A.C. (Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico )
                2007-7467
                June 2022
                : 12
                : 24
                : e013
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería y Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas Mexico majimenez@ 123456ipn.mx
                [3] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería y Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas Mexico mtavera@ 123456ipn.mx
                [4] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería y Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas Mexico mmartinezo@ 123456ipn.mx
                [5] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo Mexico perezsotofco@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería y Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas Mexico pgomezm@ 123456ipn.mx
                Article
                S2007-74672022000100013 S2007-7467(22)01202400013
                10.23913/ride.v12i24.1140
                15b097a4-33c0-459e-9d6a-1e32d17586c9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : July 2021
                : January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos científicos

                pandemia,covid-19,pobreza,saúde,habitação,salud,vivienda,pandemic,poverty,health,housing

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