For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
36
views
31
references
 Top references
cited by
9
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      222
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Comparison of glycyrrhizin content in 25 major kinds of Kampo extracts containing Glycyrrhizae Radix used clinically in Japan

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Glycyrrhizae Radix is the most frequently used crude drug in Japan and is prescribed in Kampo medicine for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. The major active ingredient of Glycyrrhizae Radix, glycyrrhizin (GL), has been shown to possess various pharmacological actions, but is also known to cause adverse effects such as pseudoaldosteronism. To avoid the adverse effects of GL, precautions have been indicated on the package inserts of Glycyrrhizae Radix-containing formulas depending on the amount of Glycyrrhizae Radix they contain. However, it remains unknown whether the extraction efficiency of GL from Glycyrrhizae Radix is constant throughout the different combinations of crude drugs in Glycyrrhizae Radix-containing formulas. To confirm the basis of the safety regulation, in this study we comprehensively determined the GL content of 25 major kinds of Kampo extracts compounding Glycyrrhizae Radix. We found that the GL content per daily dosage in all Kampo extracts are generally proportional to the compounding amount of Glycyrrhizae Radix, except in the case of shoseiryuto (Sho-seiryu-To). We also found that Schisandrae Fructus in Sho-seiryu-To decoction caused a lowered pH condition and drastically decreased the extraction efficacy of GL from Glycyrrhizae Radix. Moreover, we were able to confirm that the extraction efficiency of GL from Glycyrrhizae Radix is dependent on the pH value of the extraction solvent. The extraction efficiency of GL in the 25 kinds of Kampo extracts was not constant but it correlates significantly with the pH value of the decoction. Furthermore, the GL contents are well correlated with pseudoaldosteronism incidence data obtained from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database on the 25 kinds of Kampo extracts. This suggests that the GL content is a better index to consider to avoid the adverse effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix-containing Kampo formulas.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11418-017-1101-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Related collections

          Most cited references31

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Review of Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its Bioactive Compounds

          Marjan Nassiri Asl, Hossein Hosseinzadeh (2008)
          Abstract The roots and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species have long been used worldwide as a herbal medicine and natural sweetener. Licorice root is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer, hepatitis C, and pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, anticancer activities, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. A large number of components have been isolated from licorice, including triterpene saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and chalcones, with glycyrrhizic acid normally being considered to be the main biologically active component. This review summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetics data, together with the clinical and adverse effects of licorice and its bioactive components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
          Article 0 comments Cited 292 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Analysis of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera.

            Yan Lu, De-dao Chen (2009)
            Wuweizi (Fructus Schisandrae) is classified in traditional Chinese medicine as a superior drug, and has been used for thousands of years. Modern pharmacological research has demonstrated that most of the biological actions and pharmacological effects of Wuweizi can be attributed to its lignan constituents, particularly the dibenzocyclooctadiene-type lignans, which can lower the serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) level, inhibit platelet aggregation, and show antioxidative, calcium antagonism, antitumor-promoting, and anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) effects. The dried ripe fruits of both Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera have long been used as Wuweizi, although their chemical constituents and contents of the bioactive components are quite different. Since 2000, they have been accepted as two different crude drugs, Bei-Wuweizi and Nan-Wuweizi, respectively, by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In order to provide a useful reference for good quality control of Wuweizi, many studies on the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, identification and quality control methods of the two drugs have been reported in the literature and are summarized herein. Particular attention was given to the different methodologies developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive lignans. In our opinion, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is the most simple and convenient method for identification of these two crude drugs, and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) is the preferred method for quantitative analysis based on the bioactive lignans. Some newly developed methods, particularly hyphenated chromatographic-analytical techniques, are effective in determination of the lignans that occur in low content and those difficult to be fully separated with HPLC.
            Article 0 comments Cited 64 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              A Drug over the Millennia : Pharmacognosy, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Licorice

              Shoji Shibata (2000)
              Article 0 comments Cited 51 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mitsuhiko Nose:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2337-9696
                +81-52-839-2690 , nose@meijo-u.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Nat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Nat Med
                Title: Journal of Natural Medicines
                Publisher: Springer Japan (Tokyo )
                ISSN (Print): 1340-3443
                ISSN (Electronic): 1861-0293
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 June 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 June 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 71
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 711-722
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.259879.8, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Meijo University, ; 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503 Japan
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2227 8773, GRID grid.410797.c, Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, , National Institute of Health Sciences, ; 1-18-1 Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 Japan
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2369 4728, GRID grid.20515.33, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Tsukuba, ; 1-1-1 Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2337-9696
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1101
                DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1101-x
                PMC ID: 5897458
                PubMed ID: 28608269
                SO-VID: fbe3bb54-6425-4213-8f72-a89c5c3a7792
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 27 April 2017
                Date accepted : 2 June 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy and Springer Japan KK 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: glycyrrhizae radix,glycyrrhizin (gl),kampo extracts,hplc,ph,pseudoaldosteronism
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: glycyrrhizae radix, glycyrrhizin (gl), kampo extracts, hplc, ph, pseudoaldosteronism

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content222

                See all similar

                Cited by9

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors215

                See all reference authors