Association of urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites with bone mineral density in children and adolescents

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Abstract

In epidemiological research, the link between coffee consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) is still debated. Moreover, there hasn’t been any research on the relationship between urine caffeine and caffeine metabolites and BMD. This study aimed to investigate if there was a connection between urine caffeine and its metabolites and BMD in people between the ages of 8 and 19. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2014, multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and total BMD. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. A total of 1235 adolescents were included in this analysis, after controlling for various variables, we found that the association between urinary theophylline and total BMD was negative, whereas the association between urinary paraxanthine, theobromine and caffeine and total BMD was positive. In our study, an inverted U-shaped association between urinary paraxanthine and urinary caffeine was found with BMD in women. In this cross-sectional study, the correlation between urinary caffeine and its metabolites and total BMD differed by sex and race. More studies are needed to confirm the results of this study and to investigate the underlying causes.

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Osteoporosis

Kristine Ensrud, Carolyn J Crandall (2017)

Osteoporosis is a common systemic skeletal disorder resulting in bone fragility and increased fracture risk. However, management of osteoporosis and fracture prevention strategies are often not addressed by primary care clinicians, even in older patients with recent fractures. Evidence-based screening strategies will improve identification of patients who are most likely to benefit from drug treatment to prevent fracture. In addition, careful consideration of when pharmacotherapy should be started and choice of medication and duration of treatment will maximize the benefits of fracture prevention while minimizing potential harms of long-term drug exposure.

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Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: an estimation of peak bone mass.

Adam DG Baxter-Jones, Robert A Faulkner, Mark R Forwood … (2011)

Bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured from childhood to young adulthood at the total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN). BA and BMC values were expressed as a percentage of young-adult values to determine if and when values reached a plateau. Data were aligned on biological ages [years from peak height velocity (PHV)] to control for maturity. TB BA increased significantly from -4 to +4 years from PHV, with TB BMC reaching a plateau, on average, 2 years later at +6 years from PHV (equates to 18 and 20 years of age in girls and boys, respectively). LS BA increased significantly from -4 years from PHV to +3 years from PHV, whereas LS BMC increased until +4 from PHV. FN BA increased between -4 and +1 years from PHV, with FN BMC reaching a plateau, on average, 1 year later at +2 years from PHV. In the circumpubertal years (-2 to +2 years from PHV): 39% of the young-adult BMC was accrued at the TB in both males and females; 43% and 46% was accrued in males and females at the LS and TH, respectively; 33% (males and females) was accrued at the FN. In summary, we provide strong evidence that BA plateaus 1 to 2 years earlier than BMC. Depending on the skeletal site, peak bone mass occurs by the end of the second or early in the third decade of life. The data substantiate the importance of the circumpubertal years for accruing bone mineral. Copyright © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

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Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.

S. Cummings, M Nevitt, W Browner … (1995)

Many risk factors for hip fractures have been suggested but have not been evaluated in a comprehensive prospective study. We assessed potential risk factors, including bone mass, in 9516 white women 65 years of age or older who had had no previous hip fracture. We then followed these women at 4-month intervals for an average of 4.1 years to determine the frequency of hip fracture. All reports of hip fractures were validated by review of x-ray films. During the follow-up period, 192 women had first hip fractures not due to motor vehicle accidents. In multivariable age-adjusted analyses, a maternal history of hip fracture doubled the risk of hip fracture (relative risk, 2.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.9), and the increase in risk remained significant after adjustment for bone density. Women who had gained weight since the age of 25 had a lower risk. The risk was higher among women who had previous fractures of any type after the age of 50, were tall at the age of 25, rated their own health as fair or poor, had previous hyperthyroidism, had been treated with long-acting benzodiazepines or anticonvulsant drugs, ingested greater amounts of caffeine, or spent four hours a day or less on their feet. Examination findings associated with an increased risk included the inability to rise from a chair without using one's arms, poor depth perception, poor contrast sensitivity, and tachycardia at rest. Low calcaneal bone density was also an independent risk factor. The incidence of hip fracture ranged from 1.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.6) per 1,000 woman-years among women with no more than two risk factors and normal calcaneal bone density for their age to 27 (95 percent confidence interval, 20 to 34) per 1,000 woman-years among those with five or more risk factors and bone density in the lowest third for their age. Women with multiple risk factors and low bone density have an especially high risk of hip fracture. Maintaining body weight, walking for exercise, avoiding long-acting benzodiazepines, minimizing caffeine intake, and treating impaired visual function are among the steps that may decrease the risk.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Juan Luo

Mingjiang Liu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medicine (Baltimore)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medicine (Baltimore)

Journal ID (publisher-id): MD

Title: Medicine

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )

ISSN (Print): 0025-7974

ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5964

Publication date Collection: 9 December 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 09 December 2022

Volume: 101

Issue: 49

Electronic Location Identifier: e31984

Affiliations

[a ] Department of Operating Room, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of South China, Hengyang, China

[b ] Department of Hand Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of South China, Hengyang, China

[c ] Department of General Surgery, Puning People's Hospital, Puning, China

[d ] Department of Gland Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of South China, Hengyang, China.

Author notes

* Correspondence: Ruijie Xie, Department of Gland Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of South China, Hengyang 421002, China (e-mail: orthoxrj@ 123456163 ); Ya Zhang, Department of Hand Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of South China, Hengyang 421002, China (e-mail: 15575625260@ 123456163.com ).

Author information

Ruijie Xie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-962X

Article

Accession ID: 00114

DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031984

PMC ID: 9750578

PubMed ID: 36626464

SO-VID: f8e7c033-3b92-4a68-954a-a962c10527ef

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal.

History

Date received : 03 October 2022

Date received : 02 November 2022

Date accepted : 02 November 2022

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Keywords: adolescents,bone mineral density,caffeine metabolite,nhanes,osteoporosis

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Keywords: adolescents, bone mineral density, caffeine metabolite, nhanes, osteoporosis

Association of urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites with bone mineral density in children and adolescents

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Most cited references 47

Osteoporosis

Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: an estimation of peak bone mass.

Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.

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