MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia – ScienceOpen
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      MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia

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          ABSTRACT

          Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been considered to be relatively harmless respiratory pathogens in the past. However, after the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and emergence of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), HCoVs have received worldwide attention as important pathogens in respiratory tract infection. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics among SARS‐coronaviruses (CoV), MERS‐CoV and other HCoV infections.

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          Most cited references35

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          Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

          A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
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            Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

            The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has recently been identified as a new clinical entity. SARS is thought to be caused by an unknown infectious agent. Clinical specimens from patients with SARS were searched for unknown viruses with the use of cell cultures and molecular techniques. A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with SARS. The virus was isolated in cell culture, and a sequence 300 nucleotides in length was obtained by a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based random-amplification procedure. Genetic characterization indicated that the virus is only distantly related to known coronaviruses (identical in 50 to 60 percent of the nucleotide sequence). On the basis of the obtained sequence, conventional and real-time PCR assays for specific and sensitive detection of the novel virus were established. Virus was detected in a variety of clinical specimens from patients with SARS but not in controls. High concentrations of viral RNA of up to 100 million molecules per milliliter were found in sputum. Viral RNA was also detected at extremely low concentrations in plasma during the acute phase and in feces during the late convalescent phase. Infected patients showed seroconversion on the Vero cells in which the virus was isolated. The novel coronavirus might have a role in causing SARS. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.

              Y Guan (2003)
              A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                r-wunderink@northwestern.edu
                Journal
                Respirology
                Respirology
                10.1111/(ISSN)1440-1843
                RESP
                Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                1323-7799
                1440-1843
                20 October 2017
                February 2018
                : 23
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/resp.2018.23.issue-2 )
                : 130-137
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Beijing Chao‐Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
                [ 2 ] Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence: Richard G. Wunderink, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Arkes 14‐015, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Email: r-wunderink@ 123456northwestern.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-4195
                Article
                RESP13196
                10.1111/resp.13196
                7169239
                29052924
                f55a851c-5634-4fdf-8e78-ff0785f887d4
                © 2017 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 01 March 2017
                : 28 August 2017
                : 17 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 8, Words: 7833
                Categories
                Invited Review Series: Respiratory Infections in the Asia‐Pacific Region
                INVITED REVIEW SERIES
                Respiratory Infections in the Asia‐Pacific Region
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                February 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020

                Respiratory medicine
                human coronaviruses,middle east respiratory syndrome,pneumonia,severe acute respiratory syndrome

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