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      An Introduction to Assessing Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children

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          Abstract

          Fear and anxiety constitute an important theme in dentistry, especially with children. Anxiety and the fear of pain during dental treatment can lead to avoidance behaviour, which contributes to perpetuating fear and anxiety of dental care. Understanding and assessing dental fear and anxiety in children is important for delivering successful dental care with high satisfaction in this age group. Among the vast assessment method options available today, self-report assessment, parental proxy assessment, observation-based assessment, and physiological assessment are the four major types for dental fear and anxiety in children. Each method has its own merits and limitations. The selection of a method should be based on the objectives, validity, and setting of the assessment. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the assessment methods for dental fear and anxiety in children.

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          Validation of a Facial Image Scale to assess child dental anxiety.

          N Niven, Adam H Buchanan (2001)
          To examine the validity of a scale that uses faces as an indicator of children's dental anxiety. Department of Child Dental Health waiting room, Newcastle Dental Hospital. 100 children (aged 3-18 years) completed the Facial Image Scale (FIS) and the Venham Picture Test (VPT) in the dental hospital waiting room. A strong correlation (0.7) was found between the two scales, indicating good validity for the FIS. Findings also showed that a small, but significant, number of children are anxious in the dental context. The findings suggest that the FIS is a valid means of assessing child dental anxiety status in a clinical context.
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            Assessing children's dental anxiety: a systematic review of current measures.

            Fiona Gilchrist, Jenny Porritt, Zoe Marshman … (2013)
            The reliable assessment of children's dental anxiety can have many benefits for the dental team, service providers and dental public health practitioners. This study aimed to identify and evaluate self-report measures, which are available to assess children's dental anxiety. Systematic searches of the literature between 1998 and 2011 were conducted to identify relevant studies. The properties of each measure (reliability and validity) were assessed, and measures were evaluated against a theoretical framework of dental anxiety. Executing the search strategy generated 498 articles and of these 60 studies met all of the inclusion criteria. Seven 'trait' and two 'state' measures of dental anxiety had been employed to assess children's dental anxiety over the past decade. Reliability and validity estimates for the most widely used measures were good; however, many questionnaires had a limited focus in the aspects of anxiety they assessed. The paper summarizes the measures of children's dental anxiety which may be most useful for a number of different purposes and populations. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
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              The Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale in Japan.

              Yukie Nakai, Peter Milgrom, Trilby Coolidge … (2005)
              The aims of this research are to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS), and to examine the responses of children in the dental setting and in the community. The CFSS-DS was translated into Japanese and administered to three samples. The first sample comprised 134 child patients aged 8-15 years, of whom 100 were assigned for test-retest analysis, and the behavior of the remaining 34 additional children were rated during their dental appointments, and compared with their questionnaire results. A second sample of 532 child patients aged 8-15 years, completed the CFSS-DS and also one additional item measuring fear of returning to the dentist. A third sample of 1250 school children aged 8-15 years was surveyed using the CFSS-DS and the additional item measuring fear of returning to the dentist. The Japanese version of the CFSS-DS showed good internal consistency (alpha=0.91) and test-retest reliability (r=0.90), as well as good criterion validity assessed by the relationship with actual child behavior (r(s)=0.51). It also showed good construct validity assessed by correlation with willingness to return to the dentist. Fear levels were higher in the school sample than in the clinic sample (27.7 versus 24.6). Girls reported more fear than boys (26.2 versus 23.2 in the clinic sample, and 30.7 versus 24.8 in the school sample). Injections, choking, having a stranger touch them, and drilling were the most common fears. Factor analyses demonstrated a factor pattern similar to the results found in other cultures. The results suggest that the CFSS-DS is reliable and valid and operates in Japan as it does in other cultures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Healthcare (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Healthcare (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): healthcare
                Title: Healthcare
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2227-9032
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: June 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 86
                Affiliations
                Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; yonjunyu@ 123456hku.hk (M.J.Y.Y.); kjchen@ 123456hku.hk (K.J.C.); sherryg@ 123456hku.hk (S.S.G.); dduang@ 123456hku.hk (D.D.); hrdplcm@ 123456hku.hk (E.C.M.L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: chchu@ 123456hku.hk ; Tel.: +852-2859-0287
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4108-1279
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-198X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-5737
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-3560
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-0619
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-0430
                Article
                Publisher ID: healthcare-08-00086
                DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020086
                PMC ID: 7348974
                PubMed ID: 32260395
                SO-VID: f545f6e1-02d8-4edc-af1c-97adce16263e
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 February 2020
                Date accepted : 01 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: dental fear,dental anxiety,children,assessment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dental fear, dental anxiety, children, assessment

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