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      Availability of essential medicines in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System Translated title: Disponibilidade de medicamentos essenciais na atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde

      research-article
      I , II , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X , XI , II
      Revista de Saúde Pública
      Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
      Drugs, Essential, supply & distribution, Pharmaceutical Services, Primary Health Care, Health Services Research, Unified Health System, Medicamentos Essenciais, provisão & distribuição, Assistência Farmacêutica, Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde, Sistema Único de Saúde

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          ABSTRACT

          OBJECTIVE

          To characterize the availability of tracer medicines in pharmaceutical services in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).

          METHODS

          This is a cross-sectional and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de MedicamentosServiços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). To analyze the availability of medicines, we verified 50 items selected from the Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename – National List of Essential Medicines) of 2012. Observation scripts were applied to medicine dispensing services in the primary health care. Interviews were carried out with patients, health care professionals, and public managers, using semi-structured questionnaires. The availability index was presented as the percentage of health units where the medicines were available. For statistical analysis, absolute, relative, and mean frequencies were presented (with 95% confidence intervals). The comparison of groups was carried out by Pearson Chi-square tests or variance analysis, when needed.

          RESULTS

          One thousand, one hundred, and seventy-five observation scripts were filled in a national representative sample composed by 273 cities. Statistically significant differences were observed regarding the type of unit, infrastructure, and presence of a pharmacist between regions of Brazil. The average availability of tracer medicines in primary health care was 52.9%, with differences between regions and sampling strata. This index increased to 62.5% when phytotherapic medicines were excluded. We found limited availability of medicines for treatment of chronic and epidemiological diseases, such as tuberculosis and congenital syphilis.

          CONCLUSIONS

          The low availability of essential medicines purchased centrally by the Brazilian Ministry of Health indicates deficiencies in supply chain management. The different views on the availability of tracer medicines in SUS confirm the general availability verified in this study. Among patients, about 60% said they obtain medicines in SUS units, data consistent with the lack of medicines reported by medicine dispensers and in line with physicians’ evaluations.

          RESUMO

          OBJETIVO

          Caracterizar a disponibilidade física de medicamentos traçadores nos serviços de assistência farmacêutica na atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde.

          MÉTODOS

          Estudo transversal de natureza avaliativa, integrante da Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015. Para a análise da disponibilidade física, foram verificados 50 itens selecionados da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais 2012. Roteiros de observação foram aplicados nos serviços de dispensação de medicamentos na atenção primária. Foram realizadas entrevistas com usuários, profissionais de saúde e gestores municipais, por meio de questionários semiestruturados. O índice de disponibilidade foi apresentado como o percentual de unidades de saúde onde os medicamentos estavam disponíveis. Para a análise estatística foram apresentadas frequências absolutas, relativas e médias (com intervalos de 95% de confiança). A comparação de grupos foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou análise de variância, quando adequados.

          RESULTADOS

          Foram preenchidos 1.175 roteiros de observação em amostra nacional representativa composta por 273 municípios. Observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação ao tipo de unidade, infraestrutura e presença do profissional farmacêutico entre as regiões do Brasil. A disponibilidade média dos medicamentos traçadores na atenção primária foi de 52,9%, com diferenças entre regiões e estratos amostrais. Quando analisados todos os medicamentos, exceto os fitoterápicos, o índice elevou para 62,5%. Verificou-se disponibilidade inadequada de medicamentos para o tratamento de doenças crônicas e para doenças epidemiologicamente importantes, como a tuberculose e a sífilis congênita.

          CONCLUSÕES

          A baixa disponibilidade de medicamentos de aquisição centralizada indica possíveis deficiências na gestão da cadeia logística. As diferentes percepções sobre a disponibilidade dos medicamentos traçadores no SUS corroboram com os índices de disponibilidade geral verificados pelo estudo. Dentre os usuários, aproximadamente 60% afirmaram obter os medicamentos que necessitaram nas unidades do SUS, informação coerente com a falta de medicamentos relatada pelos responsáveis pela dispensação de medicamentos e com a avaliação dos médicos.

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          Most cited references24

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          The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries.

          To assess the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and glaucoma and to provide palliative cancer care in six low- and middle-income countries. A survey of the availability and price of 32 medicines was conducted in a representative sample of public and private medicine outlets in four geographically defined areas in Bangladesh, Brazil, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We analysed the percentage of these medicines available, the median price versus the international reference price (expressed as the median price ratio) and affordability in terms of the number of days wages it would cost the lowest-paid government worker to purchase one month of treatment. In all countries
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            Noncommunicable diseases and the use of health services: analysis of the National Health Survey in Brazil

            ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess whether sex, education level, and health insurance affect the use of health services among the adult Brazilian population with chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD). METHODS Data from a cross-sectional survey were analyzed, the National Health Survey (PNS). Frequency of use of services in the population that referred at least one NCD were compared with the frequency from a population that did not report NCD, according to sex, education level, health insurance, and NCD number (1, 2, 3, 4, or more). The prevalence and prevalence ratios were calculated crude and adjusted for sex, age, region, and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The presence of a noncommunicable disease was associated with increase in hospitalizations in the last 12 months, in 1.7 times (95%CI 1.53–1.9). Failing to perform usual activities in the last two weeks for health reasons was 3.1 times higher in NCD carriers (95%CI 2.78–3.46); while the prevalence of medical consultation in the last 12 months was 1.26 times higher (95%CI 1.24–1.28). NCD carriers make more use of health services, as well as women, people with higher number of comorbidities, with health insurance, and higher education level. CONCLUSIONS NCD carriers make more use of health services, as well as women, people with higher number of comorbidities, with health insurance, and higher education level.
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              As Redes de Atenção à Saúde

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Saude Publica
                Rev Saude Publica
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                22 September 2017
                2017
                : 51
                : Suppl 2
                : 10s
                Affiliations
                [I ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Faculdade de Farmácia . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais . Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
                [II ] Departamento de Farmácia Social . Faculdade de Farmácia . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais . Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
                [III ] Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais . Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
                [IV ] Instituto de Saúde Coletiva . Universidade Federal da Bahia . Salvador , BA , Brasil
                [V ] Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas . Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina . Florianópolis , SC , Brasil
                [VI ] Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas . Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Campinas , SP , Brasil
                [VII ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva . Faculdade de Ciências Médicas . Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Campinas , SP , Brasil
                [VIII ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina . Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul . Porto Alegre , RS , Brasil
                [IX ] Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas . Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas . Campinas , SP , Brasil
                [X ] Departamento de Saúde Coletiva . Faculdade de Ciências Médicas . Santa Casa de São Paulo . São Paulo , SP , Brasil
                [ XI ] Faculdade de Ceilândia . Universidade de Brasília . Brasília , DF , Brasil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Renata Cristina Rezende Macedo do Nascimento. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. E-mail: recmacedo@ 123456gmail.com

                Authors’ Contribution: All authors contributed substantially to study conception and planning. RCRMN contributed to data analysis and interpretation and to the writing of the final version of the manuscript. ICG contributed to data analysis and interpretation. JA, FAA, and AAG Jr. coordinated the research and contributed to the discussion of the article’s structure and to the writing of the final version of the manuscript. EAC, OMS, SNL, KSC, MGOK, and IAG contributed to the discussion of the article’s structure, to the critical review of the content, and approval of the final version of the manuscript. All authors declare to be responsible for all aspects of the study, ensuring its accuracy and completeness.

                Conflict of Interest: KSC declares conflict of interest for being former director of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the research funding institution. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                00303
                10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007062
                5676352
                29160448
                ecbac6c6-0c70-4f47-85c3-5282421f16fe

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 March 2016
                : 30 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original Articles

                drugs, essential, supply & distribution,pharmaceutical services,primary health care,health services research,unified health system,medicamentos essenciais, provisão & distribuição,assistência farmacêutica,atenção primária à saúde,pesquisa sobre serviços de saúde,sistema único de saúde

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