Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators: A Systematic Review

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Abstract

This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compression stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms: “graduated compression stockings”; “compression stockings”; “graduated compression socks”; “compression socks” combined with “performance”, “athletes”, “exercise”, “exercise performance”, “fatigue”, “sports” and “recovery”, resulting in 1067 papers. After checking for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21 studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic performance.

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Most cited references 37

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Recovery in soccer: part I - post-match fatigue and time course of recovery.

Serge Berthoin, F Legall, Mathieu Nedelec … (2012)

In elite soccer, players are frequently required to play consecutive matches interspersed by 3 days and complete physical performance recovery may not be achieved. Incomplete recovery might result in underperformance and injury. During congested schedules, recovery strategies are therefore required to alleviate post-match fatigue, regain performance faster and reduce the risk of injury. This article is Part I of a subsequent companion review and deals with post-match fatigue mechanisms and recovery kinetics of physical performance (sprints, jumps, maximal strength and technical skills), cognitive, subjective and biochemical markers. The companion review will analyse recovery strategies used in contemporary professional soccer. Soccer involves many physically demanding activities including sprinting, changes in running speed, changes of direction, jumps and tackles, as well as technical actions such as dribbling, shooting and passing. These activities lead to a post-match fatigue that is linked to a combination of dehydration, glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. The magnitude of soccer match-induced fatigue, extrinsic factors (i.e. match result, quality of the opponent, match location, playing surface) and/or intrinsic factors (i.e. training status, age, gender, muscle fibre typology), potentially influence the time course of recovery. Recovery in soccer is a complex issue, reinforcing the need for future research to estimate the quantitative importance of fatigue mechanisms and identify influencing factors. Efficient and individualized recovery strategies may consequently be proposed.

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Changes in acceleration and deceleration capacity throughout professional soccer match-play.

Mark Russell, William Sparkes, Jonny Northeast … (2016)

As the acceleration and deceleration demands of soccer are currently not well understood, this study aimed to profile markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity during professional soccer match-play. This within-player observational study required reserve team players from a Premier League club to wear 10 Hz Global Positioning System units throughout competitive matches played in the 2013/2014 competitive season. Data is presented for players who completed four or more games during the season (n = 11) and variables are presented according to six 15 min intervals (I1-6: 00:00-14:59 min, 15:00-29:59 min, 30:00-44:59 min, 45:00-59:59 min, 60:00-74:59 min, 75:00-89:59 min). During I6, the distance covered (total, per minute, and at high intensity), number of sprints, accelerations (total and high intensity), decelerations (total and high intensity), and impacts were reduced compared to I1 (all P ≤ 0.05). The number of high intensity impacts remained unchanged throughout match-play (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that high intensity actions and markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity are reduced in the last 15 min of the normal duration of match-play. Such information can be used to increase the specificity of training programmes designed for soccer players while also giving further insight in to the effects of 90 min of soccer-specific exercise. Interventions that seek to maintain the acceleration and deceleration capacity of players throughout the full duration of a soccer match warrant investigation.

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Evaluation of a lower-body compression garment.

David J Shim, William Kraemer, Kelli Robertson … (2003)

The aims of this study were to determine how custom-fit compression shorts affect athletic performance and to examine the mechanical properties of the shorts. Ten male and 10 female track athletes on a university's nationally competitive track team, specializing in sprint or jump events, participated in the study. Testing utilized the compression shorts with loose-fitting gym shorts as the control garment. Several significant effects were revealed for the custom-fit compressive garment. Although 60 m sprint time was not affected, hip flexion angle was reduced. Skin temperature increased more and at a faster rate during a warm-up protocol. Muscle oscillation was decreased during vertical jump landing. Countermovement vertical jump height increased when the participants were wearing the custom-fit compression garment. In materials testing, the elasticity of the compressive garment provides increased flexion and extension torque at the end range of extension and flexion, respectively, and may assist the hamstrings in controlling the leg at the end of the swing phase in sprinting. The compressive garment significantly reduced impact force by 27% compared with American football pants alone. Through various mechanisms, these findings may translate into an effect on athletic performance and a reduction in injuries.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Access J Sports Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Access J Sports Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): OAJSM

Journal ID (pmc): oajsm

Title: Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1543

Publication date (Electronic): 22 January 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 11

Pages: 29-42

Affiliations

[1 ]Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro , Uberaba, MG, Brazil

[2 ]Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

[3 ]Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

Author notes

Correspondence: Gustavo R Mota Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro , Av. Tutunas, 490 Uberaba/MG, Uberaba38061-500, BrazilTel +55 34 3700-6633 Email grmotta@gmail.com

Author information

Gustavo R Mota http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-0658

Mário Antônio de Moura Simim http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4659-8357

Jeffer Eidi Sasaki http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4104

Moacir Marocolo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-2534

Article

Publisher ID: 198809

DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S198809

PMC ID: 6985982

PubMed ID: 32158283

SO-VID: eb3b962d-21dc-497e-8cc8-a58aafe2bf06

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 09 August 2019

Date accepted : 09 January 2020

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Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 41, Pages: 14

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Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators: A Systematic Review

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REPO4EU WP2 Systematic Reviews

Most cited references 37

Recovery in soccer: part I - post-match fatigue and time course of recovery.

Changes in acceleration and deceleration capacity throughout professional soccer match-play.

Evaluation of a lower-body compression garment.

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