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      Google Earth Engine based spatio-temporal analysis of air pollutants before and during the first wave COVID-19 outbreak over Turkey via remote sensing

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          Abstract

          Air pollution is one of the vital problems for the sustainability of cities and public health. The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 outbreak has become a natural laboratory, enabling to investigate the impact of human/industrial activities on the air pollution. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal density of TROPOMI-based nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) products, and MODIS-derived Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from January 2019 to September 2020 (also covering the first wave of the COVID-19) over Turkey using Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results showed a significant decrease in NO 2 and AOD, while SO 2 unchanged and had slightly higher concentrations in some regions during the lockdown compared to 2019. The relationship between air pollutants and meteorological parameters during the lockdown showed that air temperature and pressure were highly correlated with air pollutants, unlike precipitation and wind speed. Moreover, Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) data, indicator of economic/industrial activities, also provided poor correlation with air pollutants. TROPOMI-based NO 2 and SO 2 were compared with station-based pollutants for three sites (suburban, urban, and urban-traffic classes) in Istanbul, revealing 0.83, 0.70 and 0.65 correlation coefficients for NO 2, respectively, while SO 2 showed no significant correlation. Besides, AOD data were validated using two AERONET sites providing 0.86 and 0.82 correlation coefficients. Overall, the satellite-based data provided significant outcomes for the spatio-temporal evaluation of air quality, especially during the first wave of the COVID-19 lockdown.

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          Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic

          Aurelio Tobías, Cristina Carnerero, Cristina Reche … (2020)
          Lockdown measures came into force in Spain from March 14th, two weeks after the start of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, to reduce the epidemic curve. Our study aims to describe changes in air pollution levels during the lockdown measures in the city of Barcelona (NE Spain), by studying the time evolution of atmospheric pollutants recorded at the urban background and traffic air quality monitoring stations. After two weeks of lockdown, urban air pollution markedly decreased but with substantial differences among pollutants. The most significant reduction was estimated for BC and NO2 (−45 to −51%), pollutants mainly related to traffic emissions. A lower reduction was observed for PM10 (−28 to −31.0%). By contrast, O3 levels increased (+33 to +57% of the 8 h daily maxima), probably due to lower titration of O3 by NO and the decrease of NOx in a VOC-limited environment. Relevant differences in the meteorology of these two periods were also evidenced. The low reduction for PM10 is probably related to a significant regional contribution and the prevailing secondary origin of fine aerosols, but an in-depth evaluation has to be carried out to interpret this lower decrease. There is no defined trend for the low SO2 levels, probably due to the preferential reduction in emissions from the least polluting ships. A reduction of most pollutants to minimal concentrations are expected for the forthcoming weeks because of the more restrictive actions implemented for a total lockdown, which entered into force on March 30th. There are still open questions on why PM10 levels were much less reduced than BC and NO2 and on what is the proportion of the abatement of pollution directly related to the lockdown, without meteorological interferences.
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            TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: A GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications

            O. Hasekamp, R. Hoogeveen, J. Landgraf … (2012)
            Article 0 comments Cited 350 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) levels as a contributing factor to the coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality rate

              Yaron Ogen (2020)
              Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an ambient trace-gas as a result of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Long-term exposure to NO2 may cause a wide spectrum of severe health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, heart and cardiovascular diseases and even death. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between long-term exposure to NO2 and fatality caused by the coronavirus. The Sentinel-5P is used for mapping the tropospheric NO2 distribution and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for evaluating the atmospheric capability to disperse the pollution. The spatial analysis has been conducted on a regional scale and combined with the number of death cases taken from 66 administrative regions in Italy, Spain, France and Germany. Results show that out of the 4443 fatality cases, 3487 (78%) were in five regions located in north Italy and central Spain. Additionally, the same five regions show the highest NO2 concentrations combined with downwards airflow which prevent an efficient dispersion of air pollution. These results indicate that the long-term exposure to this pollutant may be one of the most important contributors to fatality caused by the COVID-19 in these regions and maybe across the whole world.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clean Prod
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Clean Prod
                Title: Journal of Cleaner Production
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0959-6526
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-1786
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 August 2021
                Publication date (Print): 15 October 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 August 2021
                Volume: 319
                Page: 128599
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Geomatics Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, 67100, Turkey
                [b ]Department of Geomatics Engineering, Cukurova University, 01950, Ceyhan, Adana, Turkey
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0959-6526(21)02804-3 Publisher ID: 128599
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128599
                PMC ID: 9356598
                PubMed ID: 35958184
                SO-VID: e9c8a1c0-6614-47e3-a2f8-0f801ef8762c
                Copyright © © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 19 January 2021
                Date revision received : 6 August 2021
                Date accepted : 8 August 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: remote sensing,google earth engine,air pollution,covid-19,tropomi,turkey
                Data availability:
                Keywords: remote sensing, google earth engine, air pollution, covid-19, tropomi, turkey

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