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      Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocyte for Conservation of Animal Genetics

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      Author(s): 1, 2 , 1, 2 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Veterinary Medicine International
      Publisher: SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research

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          Abstract

          The preservation of the female portion of livestock genetics has become an international priority; however, in situ conservation strategies are extremely expensive. Therefore, efforts are increasingly focusing on the development of a reliable cryopreservation method for oocytes, in order to establish ova banks. Slow freezing, a common method for cryopreservation of oocytes, causes osmotic shock (solution effect) and intracellular ice crystallization leading to cell damage. Vitrification is an alternative method for cryopreservation in which cells are exposed to a higher concentration of cryoprotectants and frozen with an ultra rapid freezing velocity, resulting in an ice crystal free, solid glass-like structure. Presently, vitrification is a popular method for cryopreservation of embryos. However, vitrification of oocytes is still challenging due to their complex structure and sensitivity to chilling.

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          Highly efficient vitrification for cryopreservation of human oocytes and embryos: the Cryotop method.

          Masashige Kuwayama (2007)
          Vitrification is frequently referred to as a novel technology of cryopreservation in embryology, although some young embryologists were born after its first successful application. Unfortunately, in spite of the accumulated evidence regarding its enormous potential value, most domestic animal and human laboratories use exclusively the traditional slow-rate freezing with its compromised efficiency and inconsistency. The purpose of this paper is to clarify terms and conditions, to summarize arguments supporting or disapproving the use of vitrification, and to outline its role among assisted reproductive technologies. To provide evidence for the potential significance of vitrification, achievements with the Cryotop technology, an advanced version of the "minimal volume approaches" is analyzed. This technology alone has resulted in more healthy babies after cryopreservation of blastocysts than any other vitrification technique, and more successful human oocyte vitrification resulting in normal births than any other cryopreservation method. The value of this method is also demonstrated by achievements in the field of domestic animal embryology. A modification of the technique using a hermetically sealed container for storage may help to eliminate potential dangers of disease transmission and open the way for widespread application for cryopreservation at all phases of oocyte and preimplantation embryo development in mammals.
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            Consequences of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or early embryo development in vitro versus in vivo: implications for blastocyst yield and blastocyst quality.

            Dimitrios Rizos, P Boland, Adrian Ward … (2002)
            The aim of this study is to examine the effect of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or culture in vivo or in vitro on the proportion of oocytes reaching the blastocyst stage, and on blastocyst quality as measured by survival following vitrification. In Experiment 1, 4 groups of oocytes were used: (1) immature oocytes from 2-6 mm follicles; (2) immature oocytes from > 6 mm follicles; (3) immature oocytes recovered in vivo just before the LH surge; and (4) in vivo matured oocytes. Significantly more blastocysts developed from oocytes matured in vivo than those recovered just before the LH surge or than oocytes from 2-6 mm follicles. Results from > 6 mm follicles were intermediate. All blastocysts had low survival following vitrification. In Experiment 2, in vivo matured oocytes were either (1) fertilized in vitro or (2) fertilized in vivo by artificial insemination and the resulting presumptive zygotes recovered on day 1. Both groups were then cultured in vitro. In vivo fertilized oocytes had a significantly higher blastocyst yield than those fertilized in vitro. Blastocyst quality was similar between the groups. Both groups had low survival following vitrification. In Experiment 3a, presumptive zygotes produced by in vitro maturation (IVM)/fertilization (IVF) were cultured either in vitro in synthetic oviduct fluid, or in vivo in the ewe oviduct. In Experiment 3b, in vivo matured/in vivo fertilized zygotes were either surgically recovered on day 1 and cultured in vitro in synthetic oviduct fluid, or were nonsurgically recovered on day 7. There was no difference in blastocyst yields between groups of zygotes originating from the same source (in vivo or in vitro fertilization) irrespective of whether culture took place in vivo or in vitro. However, there was a dramatic effect on blastocyst quality with those blastocysts produced following in vivo culture surviving vitrification at significantly higher rates than their in vitro cultured counterparts. Collectively, these results indicate that the intrinsic quality of the oocyte is the main factor affecting blastocyst yields, while the conditions of embryo culture have a crucial role in determining blastocyst quality. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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              Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at −196 °C by vitrification

              W Rall, G Fahy (1985)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Med Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VMI
                Title: Veterinary Medicine International
                Publisher: SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research
                ISSN (Electronic): 2042-0048
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 September 2010
                Volume: 2011
                Electronic Location Identifier: 146405
                Affiliations
                1Canadian Animal Genetic Resources, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0X2
                2Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Stefan Schlatt

                Article
                DOI: 10.4061/2011/146405
                PMC ID: 2945659
                PubMed ID: 20886016
                SO-VID: e93e9283-7b8e-4eee-b333-4969a05559c3
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 J. R. Prentice and M. Anzar.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 3 June 2010
                Date accepted : 9 August 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

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