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      Breeding for disease resistance in soybean: a global perspective

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          Abstract

          Key message

          This review provides a comprehensive atlas of QTLs, genes, and alleles conferring resistance to 28 important diseases in all major soybean production regions in the world.

          Abstract

          Breeding disease-resistant soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties is a common goal for soybean breeding programs to ensure the sustainability and growth of soybean production worldwide. However, due to global climate change, soybean breeders are facing strong challenges to defeat diseases. Marker-assisted selection and genomic selection have been demonstrated to be successful methods in quickly integrating vertical resistance or horizontal resistance into improved soybean varieties, where vertical resistance refers to R genes and major effect QTLs, and horizontal resistance is a combination of major and minor effect genes or QTLs. This review summarized more than 800 resistant loci/alleles and their tightly linked markers for 28 soybean diseases worldwide, caused by nematodes, oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The major breakthroughs in the discovery of disease resistance gene atlas of soybean were also emphasized which include: (1) identification and characterization of vertical resistance genes reside rhg1 and Rhg4 for soybean cyst nematode, and exploration of the underlying regulation mechanisms through copy number variation and (2) map-based cloning and characterization of Rps11 conferring resistance to 80% isolates of Phytophthora sojae across the USA. In this review, we also highlight the validated QTLs in overlapping genomic regions from at least two studies and applied a consistent naming nomenclature for these QTLs. Our review provides a comprehensive summary of important resistant genes/QTLs and can be used as a toolbox for soybean improvement. Finally, the summarized genetic knowledge sheds light on future directions of accelerated soybean breeding and translational genomics studies.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00122-022-04101-3.

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          The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops

          Crop pathogens and pests reduce the yield and quality of agricultural production. They cause substantial economic losses and reduce food security at household, national and global levels. Quantitative, standardized information on crop losses is difficult to compile and compare across crops, agroecosystems and regions. Here, we report on an expert-based assessment of crop health, and provide numerical estimates of yield losses on an individual pathogen and pest basis for five major crops globally and in food security hotspots. Our results document losses associated with 137 pathogens and pests associated with wheat, rice, maize, potato and soybean worldwide. Our yield loss (range) estimates at a global level and per hotspot for wheat (21.5% (10.1-28.1%)), rice (30.0% (24.6-40.9%)), maize (22.5% (19.5-41.1%)), potato (17.2% (8.1-21.0%)) and soybean (21.4% (11.0-32.4%)) suggest that the highest losses are associated with food-deficit regions with fast-growing populations, and frequently with emerging or re-emerging pests and diseases. Our assessment highlights differences in impacts among crop pathogens and pests and among food security hotspots. This analysis contributes critical information to prioritize crop health management to improve the sustainability of agroecosystems in delivering services to societies.
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            Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean.

            Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crop plants for seed protein and oil content, and for its capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbioses with soil-borne microorganisms. We sequenced the 1.1-gigabase genome by a whole-genome shotgun approach and integrated it with physical and high-density genetic maps to create a chromosome-scale draft sequence assembly. We predict 46,430 protein-coding genes, 70% more than Arabidopsis and similar to the poplar genome which, like soybean, is an ancient polyploid (palaeopolyploid). About 78% of the predicted genes occur in chromosome ends, which comprise less than one-half of the genome but account for nearly all of the genetic recombination. Genome duplications occurred at approximately 59 and 13 million years ago, resulting in a highly duplicated genome with nearly 75% of the genes present in multiple copies. The two duplication events were followed by gene diversification and loss, and numerous chromosome rearrangements. An accurate soybean genome sequence will facilitate the identification of the genetic basis of many soybean traits, and accelerate the creation of improved soybean varieties.
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              Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology.

              The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a 'top 10' list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly. © 2013 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                fenglin@msu.edu
                sushil.chhapekar@missouri.edu
                canellavieirac@mail.missouri.edu
                mpdasilv@uark.edu
                jarojas@uark.edu
                leedongho@missouri.edu
                lnx69@126.com
                marianopardo@eeaoc.org.ar
                ylkg2@missouri.edu
                dongzhimin2005@126.com
                jbaldin@usp.br
                dt@eeaoc.org.ar
                jrupe@uark.edu
                chenpe@missouri.edu
                wangdech@msu.edu
                nguyenhenry@missouri.edu
                Journal
                Theor Appl Genet
                Theor Appl Genet
                TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0040-5752
                1432-2242
                5 July 2022
                5 July 2022
                2022
                : 135
                : 11
                : 3773-3872
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.17088.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 1785, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, , Michigan State University, ; East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.134936.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 3504, Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, , University of Missouri-Columbia, ; Columbia, MO 65211 USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.134936.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 3504, Fisher Delta Research Center, , University of Missouri, ; Portageville, MO 63873 USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.411017.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 0999, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, , University of Arkansas, ; Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.464388.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 0215, Soybean Research Institute, , Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Changchun,, 130033 Jilin China
                [6 ]GRID grid.423606.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1945 2152, Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA) [Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)], ; Av. William Cross 3150, C.P. T4101XAC, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
                [7 ]GRID grid.11899.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, Departamento de Genética, , Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), ; PO Box 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
                Author notes

                Communicated by Rajeev K. Varshney.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-4444
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9802-884X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5428-3753
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-3758
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5492-5963
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5918-4727
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6777-0307
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-2081
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-4479
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-7837
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-1800
                Article
                4101
                10.1007/s00122-022-04101-3
                9729162
                35790543
                e7fe5617-f69a-4717-92e4-856dd4d4ba49
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 21 November 2021
                : 11 April 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012009, United Soybean Board;
                Award ID: 2120-172-0153
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Michigan Soybean Promotion Committee
                Funded by: Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007483, Arkansas Soybean Promotion Board;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005825, National Institute of Food and Agriculture;
                Award ID: Hatch project 1011788
                Award ID: Hatch project 1017862
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011138, AgBioResearch, Michigan State University;
                Award ID: MICL02013
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013061, Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program;
                Award ID: 20200201136JC
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010031, Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 2019M661234
                Award ID: 2019M661234
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003033, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva;
                Funded by: Plataforma BiotecSur-UE, Proyecto BiotecSojaSur I
                Award ID: 127119
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres
                Award ID: 2005-35332
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003074, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica;
                Award ID: 2016-0098
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011789, Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province;
                Award ID: 20200201136JC
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review
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                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022

                Genetics
                Genetics

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