Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves

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Abstract

Colostrum management is the single most important management factor in determining calf health and survival. Additional benefits of good colostrum management include improved rate of gain and future productivity. Successful colostrum management requires producers to provide calves with a sufficient volume of clean, high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life. This article reviews the process of colostrogenesis and colostrum composition, and discusses key components in developing a successful colostrum management program. In addition, the article discusses approaches for monitoring and proposes new goals for passive immunity in dairy herds.

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Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves

N.J. Urie, J.E. Lombard, C.B. Shivley … (2018)

The objective of this study was to evaluate morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves based on different health, feeding, and management practices, as well as environmental factors. This study was conducted as part of the calf component of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study, which included 104 dairy operations in 13 states. The calf component was an 18-mo longitudinal study focused on dairy heifer calves from birth to weaning; data were collected on 2,545 calves. The percentage morbidity for all calves enrolled in the study was 33.9%. Backward elimination model selection was used after univariate screening to determine which management practices and environmental factors significantly affected morbidity and mortality. The final morbidity model included birth weight, serum IgG concentration, ventilation type, and average temperature-humidity index (THI) during the preweaning period. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born at a higher birth weight had a lower predicted risk of morbidity than calves with a lower birth weight. An increase in serum IgG concentration was associated with decreased morbidity. Calves housed in positive- or cross-ventilated systems had a 2.2 times higher odds of developing disease compared with calves housed in natural ventilation systems. Average THI during the preweaning period was inversely correlated with morbidity; as THI increased, the predicted morbidity risk decreased. The percent mortality for all calves enrolled in the study was 5.0%. The final mortality model included birth weight, serum IgG concentration, amount of fat/day in the liquid diet, and morbidity. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born at a higher birth weight had a lower risk of mortality. An increase in serum IgG concentration decreased the risk of mortality. The odds of mortality were 3.1 times higher in calves fed ≤0.15 kg of fat/d in the liquid diet compared with calves fed ≥0.22 kg of fat/d. The odds of mortality were 4.7 times higher in calves that experienced any disease throughout the preweaning period than in calves with no disease. In summary, morbidity and mortality were both associated with birth weight and serum IgG concentration. Additionally, morbidity was associated with ventilation type and average monthly THI, and mortality was associated with amount of fat per day in the liquid diet and morbidity.

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Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells

Ting-Ting Chen, Mei-Ying Xie, Jia-Jie Sun … (2016)

Milk-derived exosomes were identified as a novel mechanism of mother-to-child transmission of regulatory molecules, but their functions in intestinal tissues of neonates are not well-studied. Here, we characterized potential roles of porcine milk-derived exosomes in the intestinal tract. In vitro, treatment with milk-derived exosomes (27 ± 3 ng and 55 ± 5 ng total RNA) significantly promoted IPEC-J2 cell proliferation by MTT, CCK8, EdU fluorescence and EdU flow cytometry assays. The qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated milk-derived exosomes (0.27 ± 0.03 μg total RNA) significantly promoted expression of CDX2, IGF-1R and PCNA, and inhibited p53 gene expression involved in intestinal proliferation. Additionally, six detected miRNAs were significantly increased in IPEC-J2 cell, while FAS and SERPINE were significantly down-regulated relative to that in control. In vivo, treated groups (0.125 μg and 0.25 μg total RNA) significantly raised mice’ villus height, crypt depth and ratio of villus length to crypt depth of intestinal tissues, significantly increased CDX2, PCNA and IGF-1R’ expression and significantly inhibited p53′ expression. Our study demonstrated that milk-derived exosomes can facilitate intestinal cell proliferation and intestinal tract development, thus giving a new insight for milk nutrition and newborn development and health.

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Nationwide evaluation of quality and composition of colostrum on dairy farms in the United States.

K M Morrill, E. Conrad, A. Lago … (2012)

The objective of this study was to characterize the quality of maternal colostrum (MC) fed to newborn dairy calves in the United States and identify the proportion of MC that meets industry standards for IgG concentration and total plate count (TPC). Samples of MC (n=827) were collected from 67 farms in 12 states between June and October 2010. Samples were collected from Holsteins (n=494), Jerseys (n=87), crossbred (n=7), and unidentified dairy cattle (n=239) from first (n=49), second (n=174), third or greater (n=128), and unknown (n=476) lactations. Samples were identified as fresh (n=196), refrigerated (n=152), or frozen (n=479) before collection, as well as whether the sample was from an individual cow (n=734) or pooled (n=93). Concentration of IgG in MC ranged from 100,000 cfu/mL, 16.9% of the samples had >1 million cfu/mL. Only 39.4% of the samples collected met industry recommendations for both IgG concentration and TPC. Almost 60% of MC on dairy farms is inadequate, and a large number of calves are at risk of failure of passive transfer or bacterial infections, or both. Also, the data indicate that regional differences exist in colostrum quality. Copyright © 2012 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sandra M. Godden

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract

Title: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice

Publisher: Elsevier Inc.

ISSN (Print): 0749-0720

ISSN (Electronic): 1558-4240

Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2019

Publication date (Print): November 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2019

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Pages: 535-556

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA

[b ]National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS), USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B-2E7, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA

[c ]Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA

Author notes

[∗ ]Corresponding author. godde002@ 123456umn.edu

Article

Publisher ID: S0749-0720(19)30027-1

DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.07.005

PMC ID: 7125574

PubMed ID: 31590901

SO-VID: e50b3040-a461-4585-b274-71952ecf5815

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Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves

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Most cited references 107

Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves

Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells

Nationwide evaluation of quality and composition of colostrum on dairy farms in the United States.

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