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      Acesso ao cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde brasileira: situação, problemas e estratégias de superação Translated title: Access to care in Primary Health Care in Brazil: situation, problems and coping strategies

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Sistemas de saúde universais orientados pela Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) apresentam melhores resultados para a população. Este artigo apresenta a situação do acesso ao cuidado na APS brasileira, seus problemas, desafios e estratégias para sua superação. Realizou-se uma revisão narrativa, incluindo estudos quali e quantitativos. O acesso na APS aumentou com a expansão da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), mas ainda permanece insuficiente. As principais barreiras ao acesso incluem: subdimensionamento/subfinanciamento da APS, excesso de usuários vinculados às equipes da ESF, número reduzido de Médicos de Família e Comunidade (MFC), com pouca interiorização/fixação, burocratização e problemas funcionais dos serviços, como rigidez nos agendamentos e priorização de grupos específicos (hipertensos, puericultura etc.). Para melhorar o acesso, é necessário aumentar o investimento federal na ESF, priorizando-a e expandindo-a, reduzir os usuários vinculados às equipes, ampliar a formação médica em MFC, explorar a clínica da enfermagem, diversificar os meios de comunicação com usuários, explorar a cogestão da equipe e flexibilizar as agendas dos profissionais. Conclui-se que, para fortalecer a APS, é estratégico estimular o acesso na ESF vinculado ao cuidado longitudinal.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Universal health systems oriented by Primary Health Care (PHC) present better population outcomes. This article addresses the situation of access to care in Brazilian PHC. A non-systematic narrative review was carried out, which included published studies and empirical experiences in several services and municipalities. Three thematic axes guide the present study: (1) Current access situation in Brazilian PHC; (2) Problems and challenges; and (3) Strategies for expanding access in PHC. Research shows that access to PHC increased with the expansion of the Family Health Strategy (FHS), but still remain insufficient. The main barriers to access include: undersizing and underfunding of PHC, excessive patient-list linked to FHS teams, reduced number of specialist physicians, difficulty in interiorizing/fixing FHS professionals, and excessive municipal autonomy in the management of PHC services. To improve and qualify the access in PHC, it is necessary to increase federal investments, expand FHS coverage, reduce patient-list linked to FHS teams, increase medical training in family and community medicine, optimize nursing clinics, diversify communication media with users, and enhance appointment flexibility. In conclusion, to strengthen PHC it is strategical to stimulate access to longitudinal care.

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          As redes de atenção à saúde

          As transições demográfica e epidemiológica significam um incremento relativo das condições crônicas. Tem sido assim, no Brasil, que apresenta uma situação de saúde de tripla carga de doenças, manifestada na convivência de doenças infecciosas, parasitárias e problemas de saúde reprodutiva, causas externas e doenças crônicas. Há uma crise dos sistemas de saúde contemporâneos que se explica pela incoerência entre uma situação de saúde com predomínio relativo forte de condições crônicas e uma resposta social através de sistemas fragmentados e voltados, principalmente, para as condições agudas e as agudizações das condições crônicas. Essa crise se manifesta em nosso país, tanto no setor público quanto no setor privado. A solução para essa crise está em recompor a coerência entre a situação de tripla carga de doenças com uma resposta social estruturada em sistemas integrados de saúde: as redes de atenção à saúde. Conclui-se que há evidências na literatura internacional de que as redes de atenção à saúde podem melhorar a qualidade dos serviços, os resultados sanitários e a satisfação dos usuários e reduzir os custos dos sistemas de atenção à saúde.
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            The breadth of primary care: a systematic literature review of its core dimensions

            Background Even though there is general agreement that primary care is the linchpin of effective health care delivery, to date no efforts have been made to systematically review the scientific evidence supporting this supposition. The aim of this study was to examine the breadth of primary care by identifying its core dimensions and to assess the evidence for their interrelations and their relevance to outcomes at (primary) health system level. Methods A systematic review of the primary care literature was carried out, restricted to English language journals reporting original research or systematic reviews. Studies published between 2003 and July 2008 were searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, King's Fund Database, IDEAS Database, and EconLit. Results Eighty-five studies were identified. This review was able to provide insight in the complexity of primary care as a multidimensional system, by identifying ten core dimensions that constitute a primary care system. The structure of a primary care system consists of three dimensions: 1. governance; 2. economic conditions; and 3. workforce development. The primary care process is determined by four dimensions: 4. access; 5. continuity of care; 6. coordination of care; and 7. comprehensiveness of care. The outcome of a primary care system includes three dimensions: 8. quality of care; 9. efficiency care; and 10. equity in health. There is a considerable evidence base showing that primary care contributes through its dimensions to overall health system performance and health. Conclusions A primary care system can be defined and approached as a multidimensional system contributing to overall health system performance and health.
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              The ecology of medical care revisited.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                sdeb
                Saúde em Debate
                Saúde debate
                Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0103-1104
                2358-2898
                September 2018
                : 42
                : spe1
                : 361-378
                Affiliations
                [1] Florianópolis Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina orgdiv1Departamento de Saúde Pública Brazil charles.tesser@ 123456ufsc.br
                [3] Florianópolis Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina Brazil tbvidal@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] Florianópolis Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina orgdiv1Departamento de Clínica Médica Brazil a.h.norman@ 123456ufsc.br
                Article
                S0103-11042018000400361
                10.1590/0103-11042018s125
                e44eecb7-9957-4dd6-8c4f-c1e9f83c9397

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 May 2018
                : 17 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 123, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Categories
                Revisão

                Acesso aos serviços de saúde,Atenção Primária à Saúde,Unified Health System,Health services accessibility,Primary Health Care,Sistema Único de Saúde

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