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      The influence of architectural heritage and tourists’ positive emotions on behavioral intentions using eye-tracking study

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          Abstract

          The city’s rapid development would lead to irreversible changes in architectural heritage. As one of the ways to promote sustainable development, world heritage tourism has opened up a new perspective for the protection, inheritance and development of architectural heritage. Taking the study of architectural heritage in the Historic Centre of Macau as an example, employing eye-tracking experiment and semantic differential method (SD method) to explore the relationship between tourists’ perceptions of visual elements of architectural heritage, positive emotions, and behavioral intentions. The results show that in terms of visual elements, the architectural style of the wall (p = 0.013 < 0.05, B = 0.165), the proportional balance of the windows (p = 0.047 < 0.05, B = 0.120), the exquisite decoration of the door (p = 0.028 < 0.05, B = 0.125), and the proportional balance of other buildings (p = 0.042 < 0.05, B = 0.121) have a positive impact on tourists’ behavioral intention. In terms of positive emotions, positive (p = 0.001 < 0.05, B = 0.177), intense (p = 0.000 < 0.01, B = 0.228), and enthusiastic (p = 0.008 < 0.05, B = 0.156) emotions were positively correlated with behavioral intention. The research results can provide a scientific basis and decisional reference for the protection and tourism development of architectural heritage in the Historic Centre of Macau.

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          Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.

          In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
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            Affective computing in virtual reality: emotion recognition from brain and heartbeat dynamics using wearable sensors

            Affective Computing has emerged as an important field of study that aims to develop systems that can automatically recognize emotions. Up to the present, elicitation has been carried out with non-immersive stimuli. This study, on the other hand, aims to develop an emotion recognition system for affective states evoked through Immersive Virtual Environments. Four alternative virtual rooms were designed to elicit four possible arousal-valence combinations, as described in each quadrant of the Circumplex Model of Affects. An experiment involving the recording of the electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) of sixty participants was carried out. A set of features was extracted from these signals using various state-of-the-art metrics that quantify brain and cardiovascular linear and nonlinear dynamics, which were input into a Support Vector Machine classifier to predict the subject’s arousal and valence perception. The model’s accuracy was 75.00% along the arousal dimension and 71.21% along the valence dimension. Our findings validate the use of Immersive Virtual Environments to elicit and automatically recognize different emotional states from neural and cardiac dynamics; this development could have novel applications in fields as diverse as Architecture, Health, Education and Videogames.
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              Current and potential methods for measuring emotion in tourism experiences: a review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                phwang@cityu.edu.mo
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                9 January 2025
                9 January 2025
                2025
                : 15
                : 1447
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Innovation and Design, City University of Macau, ( https://ror.org/04gpd4q15) Macau, China
                [2 ]School of Management, Suzhou University, ( https://ror.org/05t8y2r12) Anhui, China
                Article
                85009
                10.1038/s41598-024-85009-4
                11717946
                39789079
                de477cc4-944a-4155-a2fc-6f1bb468fcb2
                © The Author(s) 2025

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 September 2024
                : 30 December 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: China National Arts Fund Artistic Talent Training Project
                Award ID: 2024-A-05-110-622
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Science and Technology Development Fund of the Macao Special Administrative Region
                Award ID: 0036/2022/A
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Anhui Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Youth Project
                Award ID: AHSKQ2021D178
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Humanities and Social Sciences Research in Anhui Province Universities
                Award ID: SK2021A0707
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Suzhou University’s 2021 Doctoral Research Launch Fund Project
                Award ID: 2021BSK027
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Anhui Province Excellent Young Teacher Training Project
                Award ID: YQYB2023049
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Nature Limited 2025

                Uncategorized
                architectural heritage,eye-tracking,visual elements,positive emotion,behavioral intentions,psychology,environmental social sciences

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