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      Edaphic Endemism in the Amazon: Vascular Plants of the canga of Carajás, Brazil

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          Abstract

          Amazonia is one of the most diverse biomes worldwide, and, as well as luxuriant forest, it includes mountain areas which, despite their small surface area, display fascinating endemism. In these regions, the specificity of edaphic factors is mirrored by a highly specialised, isolated flora adapted to survive adverse conditions. The Serra dos Carajás in the Brazilian state of Pará is one of world’s largest iron ore reserves. Known locally as canga, this ironstone formation occupies an area of 115.9 km 2, and supports campo rupestre of canga vegetation on outcrops that are mostly in the Floresta Nacional de Carajás (FLONA of Carajás) and Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos (PNCF). The recent publication of the Flora of the cangas of Carajás lists 856 species of seed plants and 186 species of ferns and lycophytes. This project assessed the canga endemic species growing in the region, and further expeditions guided by SDM were carried out in order to ascertain their distribution outisde the area. Departing from an initial list of 58 putative endemics, the final list comprises 38 species of vascular plants (c. 4% of the local flora). These are distributed in 31 genera and 22 families, including three monotypic genera: Carajasia (Rubiaceae), Monogereion and Parapiqueria (Asteraceae). From these, 24 are classified as Rare Species for Brazil and seven as Highly Restricted Endemic (EEO < 100 km 2). An illustrated account is provided, as well as further SDM to detect other possible areas of distribution based on the studied species. The knowledge generated is aimed at directing appropriate conservation plans for the area.

          Resumo

          A Amazôna é um dos mais diversos biomas do mundo e inclui, bem como florestas luxuriantes, regiões montanhosas que, apesar de ocuparem uma área superficial relativamente pequena, apresentam endemismo fascinante. Ali, a especificidade de fatores edáficos é espelhada por uma flora isolada e altamente especializada para sobreviver em condições adversas. A Serra dos Carajás, no estado do Pará, é uma das maiores reservas de minério de ferro do mundo. Conhecidas localmente como cangas, as áreas de minério exposto ocupam uma área de 115,9 km 2, sobre as quais a vegetação de campo rupestre ocorre. A maioria destes afloramentos está incluída na Floresta Nacional de Carajás (FLONA of Carajás) e no Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos (PNCF). A publicação recente da Flora das cangas de Carajás listou 856 espécies de fanerógamas e 186 de samambaias e licófitas. Este projeto categorizou as espécies endêmicas da canga na região e valeu-se de expedições a áreas circunvizinhas delineadas por SDM, buscando estabelecer o endemismo dessas espécies fora da área contemplada na Flora. Partindo de uma lista inicial com 58 possíveis endêmicas, a lista final inclui 38 espécies de plantas vasculares (c. 4% da flora local). Estas são distribuídas em 31 gêneros e 22 famílias, incluindo três gêneros monotípicos: Carajasia (Rubiaceae), Monogereion e Parapiqueria (Asteraceae). Destas, 24 foram classificadas como plantas de distribuição restritas no Brasil e sete como endêmicas altamente restritas (EEO < 100 km 2). Uma lista ilustrada, bem como um mapa de SDM baseado na distribuição das esécies estudadas, para definir outras possíveis áreas de ocorrência são apresentados. The knowledge generated is aimed at directing appropriate conservation plans for the area.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Botanical Review
                Bot. Rev.
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0006-8101
                1874-9372
                December 2019
                October 08 2019
                December 2019
                : 85
                : 4
                : 357-383
                Article
                10.1007/s12229-019-09214-x
                dbcc7ca8-0c77-4e99-b007-2e48f6237ee8
                © 2019

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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