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      Exosomes in HIV infection

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Purpose of review

          The exosomes play a critical role in HIV infection, which constitute a pathway to release intracellular material and exchange material and information between cells. Exosomes have become a hotspot in the field of AIDS research. This review introduces the formation process of HIV particles and exosomes, and summarizes the role of exosomes in the progression of HIV disease from multiple aspects.

          Recent findings

          Many components of the exosomes involved in HIV transfer and replication affect the occurrence, development, and outcome of AIDS, and are closely related to HIV infection. Exosomes can have a dual impact on HIV infection, and play an important role in activating the latent reservoir of HIV and affecting the chronic inflammation of HIV. The biological information carried by exosomes is also of great significance for the prediction of HIV disease.

          Summary

          The present review summarizes the role of exosomes in HIV disease progression in various aspects in order to further understand the underlying mechanism affecting the infection and providing a new idea for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIDS.

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          Most cited references102

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          Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

          Hadi Valadi, Karin Ekström, Apostolos Bossios … (2007)
          Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell. In vitro translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA" (esRNA).
          Article 0 comments Cited 2457 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends

            Graça Raposo, Willem Stoorvogel (2013)
            Cells release into the extracellular environment diverse types of membrane vesicles of endosomal and plasma membrane origin called exosomes and microvesicles, respectively. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mode of intercellular communication by serving as vehicles for transfer between cells of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNA. Deficiencies in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms for EV formation and lack of methods to interfere with the packaging of cargo or with vesicle release, however, still hamper identification of their physiological relevance in vivo. In this review, we focus on the characterization of EVs and on currently proposed mechanisms for their formation, targeting, and function.
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              Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles.

              Marina Colombo, Graça Raposo, Clotilde Théry (2014)
              In the 1980s, exosomes were described as vesicles of endosomal origin secreted from reticulocytes. Interest increased around these extracellular vesicles, as they appeared to participate in several cellular processes. Exosomes bear proteins, lipids, and RNAs, mediating intercellular communication between different cell types in the body, and thus affecting normal and pathological conditions. Only recently, scientists acknowledged the difficulty of separating exosomes from other types of extracellular vesicles, which precludes a clear attribution of a particular function to the different types of secreted vesicles. To shed light into this complex but expanding field of science, this review focuses on the definition of exosomes and other secreted extracellular vesicles. Their biogenesis, their secretion, and their subsequent fate are discussed, as their functions rely on these important processes.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1596 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Opin HIV AIDS
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Opin HIV AIDS
                Journal ID (publisher-id): COHIV
                Title: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
                Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                ISSN (Print): 1746-630X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6318
                Publication date (Print): September 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 July 2021
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 262-270
                Affiliations
                [a ]Beijing Institute of Hepatology
                [b ]Department of General Surgery, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Weihua Li, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, 8 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China. E-mail: liweihua@ 123456163.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: COH1605SC2 Accession ID: 00006
                DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000694
                PMC ID: 8373450
                PubMed ID: 34321416
                SO-VID: d66e1574-d793-408a-a5cf-3df6c3395ef5
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

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                Subject: Special Commentaries
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                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE

                Keywords: aids,exosome,progression of hiv
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aids, exosome, progression of hiv

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