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      ‘Feeling disconnected’ – risk factors for PGD and themes in grief counselling during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-method study Translated title: ‘Sentirse desconectado’ - Factores de riesgo para trastorno de duelo prolongado y temas en la consejería de duelo durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Un estudio de método mixto Translated title: ‘感觉脱节’- PGD 的风险因素和 COVID-19 疫情期间哀伤咨询的主题:一项混合方法研究

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Due to its high death toll and measures to curb the pandemic, COVID-19 has affected grieving experiences and may contribute to risk factors for Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). Persons at risk for PGD often seek support from grief counselling.

          Objective: To explore whether pandemic-associated risk factors have become more important topics in counselling in a mixed-method design.

          Method: German grief counsellors ( n = 93) rated whether pre-defined risk factors had become more important in grief counselling and indicated additional important themes in an open format.

          Results: The counsellors indicated that all pre-defined risk factors had become more important, though differing significantly in their frequency. Most frequently endorsed risk factors were lack of social support, limited possibilities to accompany a dying loved one and absence of traditional grief rituals. Qualitative analysis identified three additional themes: the societal impact of the pandemic, its impact on bereavement support and health care, and a chance for personal growth.

          Conclusions: The pandemic has affected bereavement experiences and grief counselling. Counsellors should monitor grief processes and specific risk factors to provide the best possible care for bereaved people when needed.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Pandemic-associated risk factors for PGD have become more important topics in grief counselling during COVID-19.

          • Risk factors include especially a lack of social support, limited possibility to accompany a dying significant other and absence of traditional grief rituals.

          • Future research is needed to investigate whether monitoring and addressing these risk factors can improve bereavement care.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Debido al alto número de muertes y las medidas para frenar la pandemia COVID-19, se han interferido las experiencias de duelo y esto puede contribuir a los factores de riesgo del trastorno de duelo prolongado (TDP). Las personas en riesgo de TDP a menudo buscan apoyo en la consejería de duelo.

          Objetivo: Explorar si los factores de riesgo asociados con la pandemia se han convertido en temas más importantes en el asesoramiento, en un diseño de método mixto.

          Método: Los consejeros de duelo alemanes ( n = 93) calificaron si los factores de riesgo predefinidos se habían vuelto más importantes en el asesoramiento de duelo e indicaron temas importantes adicionales en un formato abierto.

          Resultados: Los consejeros indicaron que todos los factores de riesgo predefinidos se habían vuelto más importantes, aunque diferían significativamente en su frecuencia. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentemente reportados fueron la falta de apoyo social, las limitadas posibilidades de acompañar a un ser querido moribundo y la ausencia de rituales de duelo tradicionales. El análisis cualitativo identificó tres temas adicionales: el impacto social de la pandemia, su impacto en el apoyo al duelo y la atención médica y una oportunidad de crecimiento personal.

          Conclusiones: La pandemia ha afectado las experiencias de duelo y la consejería de duelo. Los consejeros deben monitorear los procesos de duelo y los factores de riesgo específicos para brindar la mejor atención posible a las personas en duelo cuando sea necesario.

          Translated abstract

          背景:由于其高死亡人数和遏制疫情的措施,COVID-19 影响了哀伤经历,可能促成延长哀伤障碍 (PGD) 的风险因素。PGD 风险人群通常会寻求哀伤咨询的支持。

          目的:在一项混合方法设计中探究疫情相关风险因素是否已成为咨询中更重要的主题。

          方法:德国哀伤咨询师 ( n=93) 评估了预定义的风险因素是否在哀伤咨询中变得更加重要,并以开放的形式指出了其他重要主题。

          结果:咨询师表示,所有预先定义的风险因素都变得更加重要,尽管它们的频率存在显著差异。 最常见的风险因素是缺乏社会支持、陪伴垂死亲人的可能性受限以及缺乏传统的哀伤仪式。 定性分析确定了另外三个主题:疫情的社会影响、其对丧亲支持和医疗保健的影响,以及个人成长的机会。

          结论:疫情影响了丧亲经历和哀伤咨询。咨询师应监测哀伤处理和特定风险因素,以便在需要时为丧亲者提供尽可能最好的护理。

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          Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations.

          Standards for reporting exist for many types of quantitative research, but currently none exist for the broad spectrum of qualitative research. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and define standards for reporting qualitative research while preserving the requisite flexibility to accommodate various paradigms, approaches, and methods.
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            Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects of Stay-at-Home Policies, Social Distancing Behavior, and Social Resources

            Highlights • Studied the role of social distancing in mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic • Stay-at-home orders associated with depression, GAD, insomnia, and acute stress • Distancing behavior associated with depression, GAD, intrusive thoughts, and stress • Depression and GAD symptoms increased between February and March 2020 • Symptom increases were associated with individuals’ social distancing behavior
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              Resilience to loss and potential trauma.

              Initial research on loss and potentially traumatic events (PTEs) has been dominated by either a psychopathological approach emphasizing individual dysfunction or an event approach emphasizing average differences between exposed and nonexposed groups. We consider the limitations of these approaches and review more recent research that has focused on the heterogeneity of outcomes following aversive events. Using both traditional analytic tools and sophisticated latent trajectory modeling, this research has identified a set of prototypical outcome patterns. Typically, the most common outcome following PTEs is a stable trajectory of healthy functioning or resilience. We review research showing that resilience is not the result of a few dominant factors, but rather that there are multiple independent predictors of resilient outcomes. Finally, we critically evaluate the question of whether resilience-building interventions can actually make people more resilient, and we close with suggestions for future research on resilience. © 2011 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                13 March 2023
                2023
                13 March 2023
                : 14
                : 1
                : 2183006
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt , Eichstaett, Germany
                [b ]Clinical Psychology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane , Neuruppin, Germany
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Rita Rosner rita.rosner@ 123456ku.de Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt , Ostenstraße 25, Eichstaett 85072, Germany
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-9819
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-084X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-8398
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-8362
                Article
                2183006
                10.1080/20008066.2023.2183006
                10013402
                36912798
                d5586c99-3410-44bd-b0d1-8d25a0b2da04
                © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Basic Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                grief counseling,bereavement support,prolonged grief disorder,risk factors,covid-19 pandemic,consejería de duelo,apoyo de duelo,trastorno de duelo prolongado,factores de riesgo,pandemia de covid-19,哀伤咨询,丧亲支持,延长哀伤障碍,风险因素,covid-19 疫情

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