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      Loss and Grief amidst COVID-19: A Path to Adaptation and Resilience

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an extreme threat to global health and become a leading cause of death worldwide. Loss, as a more encompassing theme, interweaves many aspects of people’s life in this challenging time. Failure to address the pressing needs of those experiencing loss and grief may result in poor mental and physical health. Recognizing the uniqueness of each individual and their loss and grief will provide opportunities to develop tailored strategies that facilitate functional adaptation to loss and promote mental health and wellbeing in this crisis.

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          COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system

          Ying-Ying Zheng, Yi-Tong Ma, Jin-Ying Zhang … (2020)
          Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related pneumonia, while also causing acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. Therefore, particular attention should be given to cardiovascular protection during treatment for COVID-19.
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            Resilience as a predictive factor towards a healthy adjustment to grief after the loss of a child to cancer

            Hilde Kristin Vegsund, Trude Reinfjell, Unni Karin Moksnes … (2019)
            Introduction Grief among bereaved parents is known to cause psychological distress and physical illness, but knowledge concerning factors that can contribute to health promotion after bereavement is scarce. Childhood cancer remains the most common non-accidental cause of death among children in Norway. The aim of the present study was to explore if resilience factors among cancer-bereaved parents could predict whether they will be able to come to terms with their grief 2–8 years following the loss. Methods A Norwegian cross-sectional national survey was conducted among 161 cancer-bereaved parents using a study-specific questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to explore whether resilience factors predicted parents’ grief outcome 2–8 years after their loss. Results On the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), three of the resilience factors contributed significantly in predicting whether the parents in the present study would come to terms with their grief 2–8 years after the loss their child: “Perception of self “(OR 2.08, p = .048), “Social resources” (OR 2.83, p = .008) and “Family cohesion” (OR .41, p = .025). The results showed a negative relationship between time since loss (2–6 years) and whether the parents answered that they had come to terms with their grief (p = < .05). The loss of a parent (OR .30, p = .030) combined with the loss of their child had a negative and significant effect on whether they indicated that they had processed their grief. Conclusion The total score of RSA and three of the six resilient factors contributed significantly in predicting whether cancer-bereaved parents in the present study indicated that they had come to terms with their grief to a great extent. The present study supports hypotheses that regard resilience as an important contribution in predicting healthy outcomes in people exposed to adverse life events.
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              Bereavement overload and its effects on, and related coping mechanisms of health care providers and ward administrators at National District Hospital in Bloemfontein, Free State

              Zaid Allie, Edith le Roux, Khantse Mahlatsi … (2018)
              Background Patient death is an event that all health care workers will face at some point. Beyond the family, the greatest emotional strain is on people who work directly with the patient and family. Bereavement overload occurs after multiple losses without time for normal grief in between. Aim To investigate bereavement overload, its effects and related coping mechanisms of personnel working in adult medical wards. Setting Four adult medical wards at National District Hospital, Bloemfontein. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study design was performed with the aid of an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The target population included health care providers (13 doctors and 20 nurses), eight final-year medical students, and four administrative staff working in the four adult medical wards at National District Hospital, during August to October 2016. Results Half (48.9%) of the 45 participants reported bereavement overload. None of the medical students reported bereavement overload compared to 60.0% of nurses, 75.0% of administrative staff and 53.9% of doctors. Nearly two-thirds (64.5%, n = 29) stated that they suffered from compassion fatigue. The majority of participants (62.2%) used only positive coping mechanisms. The use of negative coping mechanisms correlated directly with a longer duration in the medical field. Conclusion With a 49% prevalence of bereavement overload, it is important that support systems are in place to prevent the effects of negative coping mechanisms. The desirable outcome is that health care providers, who suffer from bereavement overload, experience compassion satisfaction and become more dedicated to the patients’ well-being without expense to themselves.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yusen Zhai
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain Behav Immun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain Behav. Immun
                Title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0889-1591
                ISSN (Electronic): 1090-2139
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 April 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 April 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
                [b ]The Edwin L. Herr Clinic, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
                [c ]Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: 325 Cedar Building, Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. zhai@ 123456psu.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0889-1591(20)30632-2
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.053
                PMC ID: 7177068
                PubMed ID: 32335197
                SO-VID: 68baffa1-9c07-431f-8455-92cb5759f347
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 20 April 2020
                Date revision received : 21 April 2020
                Date accepted : 21 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: covid-19,loss and grief,mental and physical health,loss adaptation,prolonged grief disorder (pgd)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: covid-19, loss and grief, mental and physical health, loss adaptation, prolonged grief disorder (pgd)

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