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      Histomorphological patterns of regional lymph nodes in COVID-19 lungs Translated title: Reaktionsmuster der lokoregionären Lymphknoten im Abflussgebiet von COVID-19-Lungen

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          Abstract

          Background

          A dysregulated immune response is considered one of the major factors leading to severe COVID-19. Previously described mechanisms include the development of a cytokine storm, missing immunoglobulin class switch, antibody-mediated enhancement, and aberrant antigen presentation.

          Objectives

          To understand the heterogeneity of immune response in COVID-19, a thorough investigation of histomorphological patterns in regional lymph nodes was performed.

          Materials and methods

          Lymph nodes from the cervical, mediastinal, and hilar regions were extracted from autopsies of patients with lethal COVID-19 ( n = 20). Histomorphological characteristics, SARS-CoV‑2 qRT-PCR, and gene expression profiling on common genes involved in immunologic response were analyzed.

          Results

          Lymph nodes displayed moderate to severe capillary stasis and edema, an increased presence of extrafollicular plasmablasts, mild to moderate plasmacytosis, a dominant population of CD8 + T‑cells, and CD11c/CD68 + histiocytosis with hemophagocytic activity. Out of 20 cases, 18 presented with hypoplastic or missing germinal centers with a decrease of follicular dendritic cells and follicular T‑helper cells. A positive viral load was detected by qRT-PCR in 14 of 20 cases, yet immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2  N-antigen revealed positivity in sinus histiocytes of only one case. Gene expression analysis revealed an increased expression of STAT1, CD163, granzyme B, CD8A, MZB1, and PAK1, as well as CXCL9.

          Conclusions

          Taken together, our findings imply a dysregulated immune response in lethal COVID-19. The absence/hypoplasia of germinal centers and increased presence of plasmablasts implies a transient B‑cell response, implying an impaired development of long-term immunity against SARS-CoV‑2 in such occasions.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Eine dysregulierte Immunantwort, z. B. in der Form eines Zytokinsturmes, einer Störung des Immunglobulinklassenwechsels, eines sog. antikörpervermitteltem Enhancements oder einer aberranten Antigenpräsentation wurde bereits in schweren Krankheitsverläufen von COVID-19 beschrieben.

          Ziel der Arbeit

          Zur Charakterisierung der COVID-19-Immunantwort wurde die Histomorphologie der Lymphknoten des pulmonalen Abflussgebietes untersucht.

          Material und Methoden

          Regionale Lymphknoten des pulmonalen Abflussgebiets wurden bei COVID-19-Autopsien asserviert ( n = 20). Deren Histomorphologie, SARS-CoV-2-qRT-PCR sowie Genexpressionsanalysen von gängigen Genen der Immunantwort wurden berücksichtigt.

          Ergebnisse

          Histologisch zeigten sich ein mäßig- bis schwergradiges Ödem mit Kapillarostase, eine erhöhte Anzahl von extrafollikulären Plasmablasten, milde bis mäßige Plasmazytose, vermehrte CD8 +-T-Zellen und CD11c/CD68 +-Histiozyten mit Hämophagozytoseaktivität. Von 20 Fällen wiesen 18 hypoplastische oder fehlende Keimzentren sowie eine Verminderung der follikulären dendritischen Zellen und follikulären T‑Helferzellen auf. In 14 von 20 Fällen war der qRT-PCR-Nachweis von SARS-CoV‑2 positiv, jedoch zeigte sich nur bei einem einzigen Fall eine immunhistochemische Positivität für SARS-CoV-2- N-Antigene in Sinushistiozyten. In Genexpressionsanalysen war eine erhöhte Expression von STAT1, CD163, Granzym B, CD8A, MZB1 und PAK1, neben CXCL9 zu beobachten.

          Diskussion

          Die Befunde in den Lymphknoten deuten auf eine dysregulierte Immunantwort bei schweren COVID-19-Krankheitsverläufen hin. Insbesondere impliziert das Ausbleiben der Keimzentrumsreaktion und die vermehrte Präsenz von Plasmablasten eine nur transiente B‑Zellreaktion, welche die Entwicklung einer Langzeitimmunität infrage stellt.

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          Most cited references50

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

            Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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              Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19

              Progressive respiratory failure is the primary cause of death in the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Despite widespread interest in the pathophysiology of the disease, relatively little is known about the associated morphologic and molecular changes in the peripheral lung of patients who die from Covid-19.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                alexandar.tzankov@usb.ch
                Journal
                Pathologe
                Pathologe
                Der Pathologe
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0172-8113
                1432-1963
                5 May 2021
                5 May 2021
                : 1-9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, , University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                [2 ]Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Schönbeinstraße 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [Editors]

                W. Roth, Mainz

                P. Boor, Aachen

                Article
                945
                10.1007/s00292-021-00945-6
                8098637
                33950285
                cfcf2991-1e2b-433f-8f6f-f75986bb21f2
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 1 April 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Basel
                Categories
                Main Topic: COVID-19

                cd8-positive t‑lymphocytes,cytokine release syndrome,germinal center,immunohistochemistry,sars-cov‑2,cd8-positive t‑lymphozyten,zytokin-freisetzungssyndrom,keimzentrum,immunohistochemie

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