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      Therapeutische Besonderheiten bei Erkrankungen der Mamillenhaut Translated title: Therapeutic peculiarities in diseases of the nipple skin

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          Abstract

          Die Mamillenregion ist durch besondere anatomische Verhältnisse charakterisiert und lässt sich aus dermatologischer Perspektive in Brusthaut, Haut des Brustwarzenhofes (Areola) und Haut der Brustwarze (Papilla mammae) unterteilen. Im klinischen Zusammenhang sind die Brustwarzen häufig während der Stillzeit durch mechanische Beanspruchung, Milieuänderung mit Mazeration durch den Milchfluss sowie durch mikrobielle Erreger alteriert. Zudem besteht hier die Gefahr der Entwicklung einer Mastitis puerperalis. Außerhalb der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit finden sich gelegentlich an der Mamillenhaut Ekzemerkrankungen, häufig bei atopischer Disposition (atopisches Mamillenekzem) oder als irritatives Kontaktekzem („joggers nipple“). Seltener werden allergische Kontaktekzeme auf Konservierungsstoffe von Topika oder Metallen (Piercings) beobachtet. Auch im Rahmen einer Skabiesinfestation wird eine Beteiligung der Mamillen, insbesondere bei Frauen, regelmäßig beobachtet. Von großer klinischer Bedeutung sind seltene, präinvasive Läsionen eines Mammakarzinoms oder der Morbus Paget der Mamille vom extramammären Typ. Durch die besonderen anatomischen Gegebenheiten ist es naheliegend, dass bei der Anwendung von Topika sich auch spezifische Penetrationsbedingungen ableiten. Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Humanhaut ex vivo legen nahe, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Molmasse und der Löslichkeit des Arzneistoffs sowie des eingesetzten Vehikelsystems eine deutliche Zunahme der kutanen Bioverfügbarkeit, insbesondere an der Brustwarze selbst durch den transpapillären Diffusionsweg, auftreten kann. Dies sollte insbesondere bei der topischen Anwendung von Arzneistoffen mit bekanntem dosisabhängigem Nebenwirkungspotenzial (z. B. Glukokortikoiden) beachtet werden. Allerdings fehlt dafür bisher eine klinische Evidenz.

          Translated abstract

          The nipple region is characterized by special anatomical conditions and from a dermatological perspective can be divided into breast skin, skin of the areola and the skin of the nipple. In a clinical context the nipples are often altered during lactation by mechanical alteration, changes in the environment with maceration by the milk flow and by microbial pathogens. In addition, there is a risk of developing puerperal mastitis. Outside of pregnancy and lactation, eczema diseases are occasionally found on the mammary skin, often with atopic disposition (atopic nipple eczema) or as irritant contact eczema (“joggers nipple”). More rarely, allergic contact eczema is observed from preservatives in topical preparations or metals (piercings). Also, in the context of a scabies infestation involvement of the nipples, especially in women, is regularly observed. Of great clinical importance are rare preinvasive lesions of breast cancer or Paget’s disease of the mamilla of the extramammary type. Due to the special anatomical conditions, it is obvious that specific penetration conditions are also derived from the application of topical substances. Experimental studies on human skin ex vivo suggest that depending on the molecular weight and solubility of the drug as well as the vehicle system used, a significant increase in cutaneous bioavailability, especially on the nipple itself through the transpapillary diffusion pathway, may occur. This should be considered in particular in the topical application of drugs with known potential of dose-dependent side effects (e.g. glucocorticoids); however, there is still no clinical evidence for this.

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          Most cited references53

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          Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors

          The microbiome impacts human health and disease. Until recently, human breast tissue and milk were presumed to be sterile. Here, we investigated the presence of microbes in the nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and their potential association with breast cancer. We compared the NAF microbiome between women with a history of breast cancer (BC) and healthy control women (HC) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The NAF microbiome from BC and HC showed significant differences in community composition. Two Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) showed differences in relative abundances between NAF collected from BC and HC. In NAF collected from BC, there was relatively higher incidence of the genus Alistipes. By contrast, an unclassified genus from the Sphingomonadaceae family was relatively more abundant in NAF from HC. These findings reflect the ductal source DNA since there were no differences between areolar skin samples collected from BC and HC. Furthermore, the microbes associated with BC share an enzymatic activity, Beta-Glucuronidase, which may promote breast cancer. This is the first report of bacterial DNA in human breast ductal fluid and the differences between NAF from HC and BC. Further investigation of the ductal microbiome and its potential role in breast cancer are warranted.
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            Review on the Efficacy, Safety and Clinical Applications of Polihexanide, a Modern Wound Antiseptic

            Infected wounds are still one of the great challenges in medicine. In the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that antimicrobial chemotherapy is limited by the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Fortunately, new, highly effective antiseptic substances with a broad antimicrobial spectrum are available, so local treatment is expected to get increasingly more important in wound therapy. This paper reviews the antiseptic agent polihexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB), one of the most promising substances available today, from a clinical point of view, focusing on efficacy, safety and clinical applications.
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              Blood and milk prolactin and the rate of milk synthesis in women.

              In women, the concentration of prolactin in the plasma increases in response to nipple stimulation. This response has led to the assumption that prolactin influences the rate of milk synthesis. To investigate this hypothesis we have measured 24 h milk production, the short-term (between breastfeeds) rates of milk synthesis and the concentration of prolactin in the blood and breastmilk, from 1 to 6 months of lactation in eleven women. Over the long term, the 24 h milk production remained constant (means +/- S.E.M.): 708 +/- 54.7 g/24 h (n = 11) and 742 +/- 79.4 g/24 h (n = 9) at 1 and 6 months, respectively. The average short-term rate of milk synthesis (calculated from the increase in breast volume between breastfeeds; means +/- S.E.M.) did not change: 23 +/- 3.5 ml/h (n = 23) and 23 +/- 3.4 ml/h (n = 21) at 1 and 6 months, respectively. However, significant variation in the short-term rate of milk synthesis (from < 5.8 to 90 ml/h) was found both between breasts, measured concurrently (coefficient of variation, c.v. = 72%), and within the same breast, measured over consecutive breastfeeds (c.v. = 85%). The basal and suckling-stimulated concentrations of prolactin in the plasma (means +/- S.E.M.) declined from 1 to 6 months (basal, from 119 +/- 93 to 59 +/- 29 micrograms/1; peak, from 286 +/- 109 to 91 +/- 44 micrograms/l). In contrast, the concentration of prolactin in milk was much lower than in plasma, and decreased only slightly from 1 to 6 months of lactation (fore-milk, from 26.4 +/- 10 to 23.3 +/- 9.8 micrograms/l; hind-milk, from 18.9 +/- 5.1 to 13.2 +/- 6.3 micrograms/l). The concentration of prolactin in the milk was related to the degree of fullness of the breast, such that the concentration was highest when the breast was full. We found no relationship between the concentration of prolactin in the plasma and the rate of milk synthesis in either the short or long term. However, the relationship between the concentration of prolactin in milk and the degree of fullness of the breast suggests that the internalization of prolactin, after binding to its receptor, may be restricted when the alveolus is distended with milk.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                johannes.wohlrab@medizin.uni-halle.de
                Journal
                Dermatologie (Heidelb)
                Dermatologie (Heidelb)
                Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany)
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                2731-7005
                2731-7013
                11 July 2022
                11 July 2022
                2022
                : 73
                : 11
                : 873-879
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9018.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0679 2801, Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, ; Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle (Saale), Deutschland
                [2 ]GRID grid.9018.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0679 2801, Institut für angewandte Dermatopharmazie, , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, ; Halle (Saale), Deutschland
                Article
                5031
                10.1007/s00105-022-05031-3
                9592625
                35925215
                1d7be2b3-0a92-4ee1-997a-276c2b5ecc60
                © The Author(s) 2022

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                History
                : 22 June 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (1043)
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                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2022

                mammahaut,mamille,brusthaut,brustwarze,topische therapie,mamma skin,mamilla,breast skin,nipple,topical treatment

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