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      Uso de cannabis y trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad: una revisión sistemática Translated title: Cannabis use and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo con una prevalencia del 5% en niños y adolescentes y del 2,5% en adultos y está asociado a una alta comorbilidad con el trastorno por consumo de cannabis, otros trastornos por consumo de sustancias y otros trastornos psiquiátricos. Objetivo: determinar la evidencia científica actual sobre el uso cannabis y el desarrollo de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Metodología: esta fue una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se realizó una búsqueda en línea de publicaciones relevantes en PubMed, CICCO y Web of Science. La búsqueda se limitó a artículos escritos en inglés o español, entre los años 2008 a 2019. La sintaxis de búsqueda incluyó: “cannabis AND ADHD”, “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity AND cannabis”. Resultados: se encontraron 229 publicaciones relacionadas. La mayoría de los textos excluidos correspondieron a estudios que no informaron una relación causal entre cannabis y trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, que era el objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática. Se excluyeron aquellos textos completos que presentaban al cannabis como tratamiento del trastorno o porque informaban que las personas con dicho diagnóstico eran más propensas al consumo de sustancias. Discusión: el consumo de cannabis reduce los niveles de síntesis de dopamina estriatal y se asocia con déficits de la función ejecutiva y reducción sinérgica de la dopamina, provocando una exacerbación del déficit cognitivo relacionado con el trastorno por déficit de atención o con el propio uso de cannabis. Asimismo, el consumo de cannabis conduce al uso de otras drogas, lo que a su vez produce un aumento de los síntomas de trastorno por déficit de atención. La relación causal de uso de cannabis y desarrollo posterior de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad debe estudiarse más a fondo, ya que las investigaciones sobre este aspecto concreto son pocas y no concluyentes.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a prevalence of 5% in children and adolescents and 2.5% in adults and is associated with high comorbidity with cannabis use disorder, other substance use and other psychiatric disorders. Objective: To determine the current scientific evidence on cannabis use and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methodology: This was a systematic review of the literature. An online search of relevant publications was conducted in PubMed, CICCO and Web of Science databases. The search was limited to articles written in English or Spanish, between 2008 and 2019. The search syntax included: "cannabis AND ADHD", "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity AND cannabis". Results: 229 related publications were found. Most of the excluded texts corresponded to studies that did not report a causal relationship between cannabis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which was the objective of this systematic review. Those full texts that presented cannabis as a treatment for the disorder or because they reported that people with this diagnosis were more prone to substance use were excluded. Discussion: Cannabis use reduces levels of striatal dopamine synthesis and is associated with deficits of executive function and synergistic reduction of dopamine, causing an exacerbation of the cognitive deficit related to attention deficit disorder or the use of cannabis itself. Also, cannabis use leads to the use of other drugs, which in turn produces an increase in symptoms of attention deficit disorder. The causal relationship of cannabis use and subsequent development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder should be studied further, since research on this particular aspect is few and inconclusive.

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          Most cited references37

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          Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis.

          In spite of the growing literature about adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of this disorder. To estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD and to identify its demographic correlates using meta-regression analysis. We used the MEDLINE, PsycLit and EMBASE databases as well as hand-searching to find relevant publications. The pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1-3.1). Gender and mean age, interacting with each other, were significantly related to prevalence of ADHD. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the proportion of participants with ADHD decreased with age when men and women were equally represented in the sample. Prevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population. We think, however, that the unclear validity of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD.
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            Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence.

            Anxiety reactions and panic attacks are the acute symptoms most frequently associated with cannabis use. Understanding the relationship between cannabis and anxiety may clarify the mechanism of action of cannabis and the pathophysiology of anxiety. Aims of the present study were to review the nature of the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety, as well as the possible clinical, diagnostic and causal implications. Systematic review of the Medline, PsycLIT and EMBASE literature. Frequent cannabis users consistently have a high prevalence of anxiety disorders and patients with anxiety disorders have relatively high rates of cannabis use. However, it is unclear if cannabis use increases the risk of developing long-lasting anxiety disorders. Many hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to explain these relationships, including neurobiological, environmental and social influences. The precise relationship between cannabis use and anxiety has yet to be established. Research is needed to fully clarify the mechanisms of such the association.
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              Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

              This exploratory study aims to compare lifetime psychiatric axis-I-comorbidity and psychosocial functioning in a clinically referred sample of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a population-based healthy control group and to examine whether patients with ADHD and lifetime comorbid diagnoses differ from patients with pure ADHD in their functional impairment. Seventy adult patients with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria and a gender- as well as age-matched population based control group underwent diagnostic evaluations with clinical interviews for ADHD, DSM-IV disorders and demographic information. The prevalence of psychiatric lifetime comorbidity was 77.1% in patients with ADHD and thus exceeded the rate in the control group, which was 45.7%. Significantly more patients suffered from depressive episodes, substance related disorders and eating disorders. Compared to the control group adults with ADHD were significantly impaired in a variety of psychosocial functions (education, occupational training). Patients with ADHD and lifetime diagnosis of comorbid psychiatric disorders differed from patients with pure ADHD in their psychosocial functioning only in the percentage of unemployed individuals, which was higher in patients with psychiatric comorbidity. Adults with ADHD suffer significantly more often from other psychiatric disorders than individuals of the population-based control group and are impaired in several areas of psychosocial functioning. Poor psychosocial outcome is primarily related to ADHD and not to additional psychiatric disorders. Due to the limited number of assessed patients these results need to be confirmed by studies with larger sample size.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                anales
                Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción)
                An. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Asunción)
                EFACIM. Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción (Asunción, Central, Paraguay )
                1816-8949
                April 2020
                : 53
                : 1
                : 41-48
                Affiliations
                [1] San Lorenzo Asunción orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Asunción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Cátedra de Psiquiatría orgdiv2Departamento de Psiquiatría de la Infancia y la Adolescencia Paraguay
                Article
                S1816-89492020000100041 S1816-8949(20)05300100041
                10.18004/anales/2020.053.01.41-048
                cc01e372-ce9d-4b2d-ad59-ac5da2a291c1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 March 2020
                : 12 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad,adolescents,cannabis, niños,cannabis, children,adolescentes,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,adultos.,adults.

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