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      Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: Hábitos de estudio

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          Abstract

          El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos más prevalentes en la población infanto-juvenil, con un impacto ya conocido sobre el aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar. La falta de atención, la disfunción ejecutiva asociada y los problemas comórbidos -particularmente los relacionados con el aprendizaje y la ansiedad-, condicionan marcadamente este dominio conceptual. Los jóvenes afectos, tienen más problemas para la toma de apuntes, finalización de trabajos, programación escolar y menor motivación al estudio. A pesar de una mayor dedicación al estudio y mayor uso de recursos de apoyo, el fracaso escolar y la no consecución de objetivos curriculares son más frecuentes en estos pacientes. El diagnóstico temprano del TDAH y sus comorbilidades, la intervención psicoeducativa y farmacológica adecuada e individualizada, han demostrado mejorar el pronóstico académico a corto y largo plazo. Para este propósito, es imprescindible la participación activa de profesionales de la salud y la educación.

          Translated abstract

          Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in the child-youth population, with a known impact on learning and school performance. Lack of attention, associated executive dysfunction and comorbid problems -particularly those related to learning and anxiety-, strongly determine this conceptual domain. Affected youths have more problems for taking notes, completion of homework, school programming and less motivation to study. Despite greater dedication to homework and greater use of support resources, school failure and non-achievement of curricular objectives are more frequent in these patients. The early diagnosis of ADHD and its comorbidities, the adequate and individualized psychoeducational and pharmacological intervention, have been shown to improve academic prognosis in the short and long term. For this purpose, the active participation of health and education professionals is essential.

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          Most cited references12

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          Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorders in a German elementary school sample.

          This study compares teacher-reported prevalence rates for disruptive behavior disorders using DSM-IV, DSM-III-R, and DSM-III criteria within the same population of elementary school students and examines the relationships between DSM "subtypes" and academic performance, perceived behavior problems, and demographic variables. Teacher rating scales were obtained on 1,077 students in five rural and five urban public schools in Regensburg, Germany. Rating scales included DSM-III-R items (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder), DSM-IV items (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders [AD/HDs], oppositional defiant disorder), and DSM-III items (attention deficit disorder, with and without hyperactivity). Factor analyses of significance were performed. Overall prevalence for attention deficit disorders increased from 9.6% (DSM-III) to 17.8% (DSM-IV) primarily because of new cases identified as AD/HD-AD (inattentive type) and to a lesser degree, AD/HD-HI (hyperactive-impulsive type). Inattention in any subtype was associated with academic problems, and perceived behavior problems were associated with more than 80% of the cases that included hyperactivity-impulsivity. DSM-IV AD/HD subtypes showed significant behavioral, academic, and demographic differences. Application of DSM-IV criteria increased total AD/HD prevalence rates by 64% and identified the majority of children with academic and/or behavioral dysfunction. The data show significant heterogeneity between the subtypes and imply that many children screened into these subtypes require further evaluation to ensure appropriate management.
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            Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and scholastic achievement: a model of dual developmental pathways.

            A conceptual model has recently been hypothesized in which parallel but correlated developmental pathways exist for attention deficit behaviors and conduct problems. An important component of this model suggests that attention deficit behaviors are related to later scholastic underachievement, whereas conduct problems are unrelated to scholastic underachievement except by their common correlation with attention deficit and intelligence. The present study replicated the general model using a cross-sectional sample of 325 children, and examined whether hypothesized dual pathways (behavioral and cognitive) better account for the relationship between attention deficit, intelligence, and later scholastic achievement. Results of the structural equation modeling analysis were consistent with the hypothesized dual pathway model and suggest that school behavior and select cognitive abilities serve as important mediators between attention deficit, intelligence, and later scholastic achievement. Implications of these results for understanding the developmental trajectory of children with attention deficit and general theoretical models of ADHD are discussed.
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              Twelfth-grade student work intensity linked to later educational attainment and substance use: new longitudinal evidence.

              Long hours of paid employment during high school have been linked to a variety of problem behaviors, but questions remain about whether and to what extent work intensity makes any causal contribution. This study addresses those questions by focusing on how 12th-grade work intensity is associated with substance use and educational attainment in the years following high school. It uses 2 nationally representative longitudinal data sets from the Monitoring the Future project, spanning a total of 3 decades. One data set tracks 8th graders for 8 years (modal ages 14-22) and provides extensive controls for possible prior causes; the second, larger data set tracks 12th graders for up to 12 years (to modal ages 29-30) and permits assessment of possible short-term and longer term consequences. Findings based on propensity score matching and multivariate regression analyses are highly consistent across the 2 sets of data. All findings show that more fundamental prior problems, including low academic performance and aspirations, make substantial contributions to substance use and long-term academic attainment (selection effects), but the findings also suggest that high work intensity during high school has long-term costs in terms of college completion and perhaps cigarette use. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                0025-7680
                1669-9106
                April 2019
                : 79
                : 1 suppl 1
                : 57-61
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidad Europea de Madrid
                [04] orgnameUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Centro Neuromotiva
                [09] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Europea de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina España
                [06] orgnameHospital Universitario La Paz orgdiv1Centro CADE orgdiv2Sección de Neurología Infantil
                [07] orgnameCentro CADE orgdiv1Psiquiatría
                [08] orgnameHospital Gómez Ulla orgdiv1Servicio de Psiquiatría
                [03] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Psicología
                [01] orgnameCentro de Salud Doctor Cirajas orgdiv1Atención Primaria de Pediatría
                [05] orgnameHospital Universitario Quirónsalud orgdiv1Servicio de Neurología Infantil
                Article
                S0025-76802019000200012
                6783346b-0461-43a1-afe6-5fd8035c3938

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Argentina

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                Artículos especiales

                Hábitos de estudio,Trastorno déficit de atención/hiperactividad,Fracaso escolar,Disfunción ejecutiva,Comorbilidad,Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,Study habits,School failure,Executive dysfunction,Comorbidity

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