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      A scoping review of gaze and eye tracking-based control methods for assistive robotic arms

      systematic-review

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          Abstract

          Background: Assistive Robotic Arms are designed to assist physically disabled people with daily activities. Existing joysticks and head controls are not applicable for severely disabled people such as people with Locked-in Syndrome. Therefore, eye tracking control is part of ongoing research. The related literature spans many disciplines, creating a heterogeneous field that makes it difficult to gain an overview.

          Objectives: This work focuses on ARAs that are controlled by gaze and eye movements. By answering the research questions, this paper provides details on the design of the systems, a comparison of input modalities, methods for measuring the performance of these controls, and an outlook on research areas that gained interest in recent years.

          Methods: This review was conducted as outlined in the PRISMA 2020 Statement. After identifying a wide range of approaches in use the authors decided to use the PRISMA-ScR extension for a scoping review to present the results. The identification process was carried out by screening three databases. After the screening process, a snowball search was conducted.

          Results: 39 articles and 6 reviews were included in this article. Characteristics related to the system and study design were extracted and presented divided into three groups based on the use of eye tracking.

          Conclusion: This paper aims to provide an overview for researchers new to the field by offering insight into eye tracking based robot controllers. We have identified open questions that need to be answered in order to provide people with severe motor function loss with systems that are highly useable and accessible.

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          Most cited references124

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          PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation

          Scoping reviews, a type of knowledge synthesis, follow a systematic approach to map evidence on a topic and identify main concepts, theories, sources, and knowledge gaps. Although more scoping reviews are being done, their methodological and reporting quality need improvement. This document presents the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and explanation. The checklist was developed by a 24-member expert panel and 2 research leads following published guidance from the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network. The final checklist contains 20 essential reporting items and 2 optional items. The authors provide a rationale and an example of good reporting for each item. The intent of the PRISMA-ScR is to help readers (including researchers, publishers, commissioners, policymakers, health care providers, guideline developers, and patients or consumers) develop a greater understanding of relevant terminology, core concepts, and key items to report for scoping reviews.
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            Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research

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              Brain Computer Interfaces, a Review

              A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a hardware and software communications system that permits cerebral activity alone to control computers or external devices. The immediate goal of BCI research is to provide communications capabilities to severely disabled people who are totally paralyzed or ‘locked in’ by neurological neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain stem stroke, or spinal cord injury. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of BCIs, looking at the different steps that form a standard BCI: signal acquisition, preprocessing or signal enhancement, feature extraction, classification and the control interface. We discuss their advantages, drawbacks, and latest advances, and we survey the numerous technologies reported in the scientific literature to design each step of a BCI. First, the review examines the neuroimaging modalities used in the signal acquisition step, each of which monitors a different functional brain activity such as electrical, magnetic or metabolic activity. Second, the review discusses different electrophysiological control signals that determine user intentions, which can be detected in brain activity. Third, the review includes some techniques used in the signal enhancement step to deal with the artifacts in the control signals and improve the performance. Fourth, the review studies some mathematic algorithms used in the feature extraction and classification steps which translate the information in the control signals into commands that operate a computer or other device. Finally, the review provides an overview of various BCI applications that control a range of devices.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2549273/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2632022/overviewRole: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/192141/overviewRole: Role:
                Journal
                Front Robot AI
                Front Robot AI
                Front. Robot. AI
                Frontiers in Robotics and AI
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-9144
                19 February 2024
                2024
                : 11
                : 1326670
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Faculty Economy , Work-Life Robotics Institute , University of Applied Sciences Offenburg , Offenburg, Germany
                [2] 2 Ubiquitous Computing , Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Siegen , Siegen, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Mizanoor Rahman, The Pennsylvania State University (PSU), United States

                Reviewed by: Stefano Tortora, University of Padua, Italy

                Kecheng Shi, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China

                Jiahui Pan, South China Normal University, China

                Madi Babaiasl, Saint Louis University, United States

                *Correspondence: Anke Fischer-Janzen, anke.fischer-janzen@ 123456hs-offenburg.de
                Article
                1326670
                10.3389/frobt.2024.1326670
                10909843
                38440775
                c891941e-c30b-453f-8045-588ef2ef9bed
                Copyright © 2024 Fischer-Janzen, Wendt and van Laerhoven.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 23 October 2023
                : 29 January 2024
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
                Categories
                Robotics and AI
                Systematic Review
                Custom metadata
                Human-Robot Interaction

                robot,assistive robotics,input modalities,eye tracking,assisted living,eog,hybrid bci,human robot interaction (hri)

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