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      Exercise self-efficacy remains unaltered during military service

      brief-report

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          Abstract

          Background

          Exercise self-efficacy is a crucial aspect of adopting and maintaining a physically active lifestyle. Regular physical activity may enhance exercise self-efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the baseline associations of physical fitness, physical activity, and body composition with exercise self-efficacy and the effects of military service on exercise self-efficacy. Methods: The sample consisted of healthy young Finnish conscripts ( n = 243) undergoing military service. The participants were divided into two groups: an intervention group undergoing a high-intensity functional training program ( n = 113) and a control group undergoing traditional physical training within their military service ( n = 130). Exercise self-efficacy (adoption and barrier) and aerobic and muscular fitness were measured thrice (baseline, month 3, and month 5). Self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measured fat percentage were collected at baseline.

          Results

          Adoption and barrier exercise self-efficacy correlated positively with aerobic and muscular fitness and leisure time physical activity ( r = 0.33–0.59, p < 0.001), and barrier self-efficacy negatively with fat percentage ( r = −0.15, p < 0.05) at baseline. No changes in adoption (time p = 0.912) and barrier self-efficacy (time p = 0.441) occurred during the military service. There were no differences between groups in these changes (group × time interaction p = 0.643 for adoption self-efficacy and p = 0.872 for barrier self-efficacy). Change in muscular fitness correlated positively with change in barrier self-efficacy in the high-intensity functional training group ( r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Exercise self-efficacy is positively associated with physical fitness and physical activity among young males. However, military service, whether it involves high-intensity functional physical training or more diverse traditional physical training, does not improve exercise self-efficacy.

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          A power primer.

          Jacob Cohen (1992)
          One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and (h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.
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            Modeling Health Behavior Change: How to Predict and Modify the Adoption and Maintenance of Health Behaviors

            Ralf Schwarzer (2008)
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              The impact of changing attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy on health-related intentions and behavior: A meta-analysis.

              Paschal Sheeran, William Klein, Eleanor Miles … (2016)
              Several health behavior theories converge on the hypothesis that attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy are important determinants of intentions and behavior. However, inferences regarding the relation between these cognitions and intention or behavior rest largely on correlational data that preclude causal inferences. To determine whether changing attitudes, norms, or self-efficacy leads to changes in intentions and behavior, investigators need to randomly assign participants to a treatment that significantly increases the respective cognition relative to a control condition, and test for differences in subsequent intentions or behavior. The present review analyzed findings from 204 experimental tests that met these criteria.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tiia Kekäläinen: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/562843/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Antti-Tuomas Pulkka: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1107799/overviewRole: Role:
                Heikki Kyröläinen: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/79649/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Tommi Ojanen: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/600376/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Joonas Helén: Role: Role:
                Kai Pihlainen: Role: Role:
                Risto Heikkinen: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Jani P. Vaara: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/480489/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1307979
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä, Finland
                [2] 2Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University , Helsinki, Finland
                [3] 3Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency , Tuusula, Finland
                [4] 4Training Division, Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces , Helsinki, Finland
                [5] 5Statistical Analysis Services, Analyysitoimisto Statisti Oy , Jyväskylä, Finland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Chong Chen, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan

                Reviewed by: Ersan Arslan, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Türkiye

                Dana Badau, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Romania

                *Correspondence: Tiia Kekäläinen, tiia.m.kekalainen@ 123456jyu.fi
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1307979
                PMC ID: 10859872
                PubMed ID: 38348257
                SO-VID: c3e79969-6888-4c40-bf57-0253ff9353cf
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Kekäläinen, Pulkka, Kyröläinen, Ojanen, Helén, Pihlainen, Heikkinen and Vaara.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 05 October 2023
                Date accepted : 10 January 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 7, Words: 5383
                Funding
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was funded by the Finnish Defense Forces, Defense Command, and the National Defense Foundation.
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Brief Research Report
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Sport Psychology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: physical activity,exercise,self-efficacy,young adults,military,intervention
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: physical activity, exercise, self-efficacy, young adults, military, intervention

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