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      Current perspectives on the health risks associated with the consumption of advanced glycation end products: recommendations for dietary management

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          Abstract

          Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) constitute a complex group of compounds produced endogenously during the aging process and under conditions of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. AGEs also have an emerging exogenous origin. Cigarette smoke and diet are the two main exogenous sources of AGEs (glycotoxins). Modern Western diets are rich in AGEs which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several metabolic and degenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence underlies the beneficial effect of the dietary restriction of AGEs not only in animal studies but also in patients with diabetic complications and metabolic diseases. This article reviews the evidence linking dietary glycotoxins to several disorders from diabetic complications and renal failure to liver dysfunction, female reproduction, eye and cognitive disorders as well as cancer. Furthermore, strategies for AGE reduction are discussed with a focus on dietary modification.

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          Clinical review: The role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes.

          Su-Yen Goh, Mark E. Cooper (2008)
          Diabetic complications appear to be multifactorial in origin, but in particular, the biochemical process of advanced glycation, which is accelerated in diabetes as a result of chronic hyperglycemia and increased oxidative stress, has been postulated to play a central role in these disorders. Advanced glycation involves the generation of a heterogenous group of chemical moieties known as advanced glycated end products (AGEs), this reaction occurring as a result of a nonenzymatic reaction with glucose interacting with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and involves key intermediates such as methylglyoxal. In this review we report on how these AGEs may exert deleterious effects in diabetes, as well as address current strategies to interrupt the formation or action of AGEs. First, AGEs act directly to induce cross-linking of long-lived proteins such as collagen to promote vascular stiffness, and, thus, alter vascular structure and function. Second, AGEs can interact with certain receptors, such as the receptor for AGE, to induce intracellular signaling that leads to enhanced oxidative stress and elaboration of key proinflammatory and prosclerotic cytokines. Over the last decade, a large number of preclinical studies have been performed, targeting the formation and degradation of AGEs, as well as the interaction of these AGEs with receptors such as the receptor for AGE. It is hoped that over the next few years, some of these promising therapies will be fully evaluated in the clinical context with the ultimate aim to reduce the major economical and medical burden of diabetes, its vascular complications.
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            Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products.

            C Cerami, H Founds, I Nicholl … (1997)
            Smokers have a significantly higher risk for developing coronary and cerebrovascular disease than nonsmokers. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are reactive, cross-linking moieties that form from the reaction of reducing sugars and the amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. AGEs circulate in high concentrations in the plasma of patients with diabetes or renal insufficiency and have been linked to the accelerated vasculopathy seen in patients with these diseases. Because the curing of tobacco takes place under conditions that could lead to the formation of glycation products, we examined whether tobacco and tobacco smoke could generate these reactive species that would increase AGE formation in vivo. Our findings show that reactive glycation products are present in aqueous extracts of tobacco and in tobacco smoke in a form that can rapidly react with proteins to form AGEs. This reaction can be inhibited by aminoguanidine, a known inhibitor of AGE formation. We have named these glycation products "glycotoxins." Like other known reducing sugars and reactive glycation products, glycotoxins form smoke, react with protein, exhibit a specific fluorescence when cross-linked to proteins, and are mutagenic. Glycotoxins are transferred to the serum proteins of human smokers. AGE-apolipoprotein B and serum AGE levels in cigarette smokers were significantly higher than those in nonsmokers. These results suggest that increased glycotoxin exposure may contribute to the increased incidence of atherosclerosis and high prevalence of cancer in smokers.
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              Aminoguanidine prevents diabetes-induced arterial wall protein cross-linking.

              Melanie P. Ulrich, H Vlassara, A Cerami … (1986)
              Age-associated increases in collagen cross-linking and accumulation of advanced glycosylation products are both accelerated by diabetes, suggesting that glucose-derived cross-link formation may contribute to the development of chronic diabetic complications as well as certain physical changes of aging. Aminoguanidine, a nucleophilic hydrazine compound, prevented both the formation of fluorescent advanced nonenzymatic glycosylation products and the formation of glucose-derived collagen cross-links in vitro. Aminoguanidine administration to rats was equally effective in preventing diabetes-induced formation of fluorescent advanced nonenzymatic glycosylation products and cross-linking of arterial wall connective tissue protein in vivo. The identification of aminoguanidine as an inhibitor of advanced nonenzymatic glycosylation product formation now makes possible precise experimental definition of the pathogenetic significance of this process and suggests a potential clinical role for aminoguanidine in the future treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
                Title: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7007
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 September 2015
                Volume: 8
                Pages: 415-426
                Affiliations
                Endocrine Unit, Medical School University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Endocrine Unit, Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece, Email e.diamanti.kandarakis@ 123456gmail.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: dmso-8-415
                DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S63089
                PMC ID: 4562717
                PubMed ID: 26366100
                SO-VID: c138b2f8-8080-49e2-a729-eed573aa5710
                Copyright © © 2015 Palimeri et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License
                License:

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Keywords: ages,dietary glycotoxins,dietary restriction,pcos,msr-1,rage
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Keywords: ages, dietary glycotoxins, dietary restriction, pcos, msr-1, rage

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