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      Unidades combinadas RAFA-SAC para tratamento de água residuária de suinocultura – parte II nutrientes Translated title: Combined units for swine wastewater treatment – part II nutrients

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito combinado de duas unidades de tratamento na remoção de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) e fósforo total (PT). As unidades avaliadas receberam alimentação contínua, sendo um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente tipo RAFA, com volume útil de 96 L, seguido de um sistema alagado construído (SAC) com capacidade para 237 L. O experimento foi conduzido em três fases, variando o tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no reator anaeróbio de: 59 h, 19,5 h e 5 h, e no SAC 146 h, 48 h e 13 h, respectivamente, nas fases I, II e III. A carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada foi de 1,2; 1,3 e 13,0 kg m-3 d-1 de DQO no RAFA, e as taxas de aplicação superficial (TAS) no SAC foram de 120, 130 e 464 kg ha-1d-1 de NTK e 13; 51 e 240 kg ha-1 d-1de PT e de 850; 656 e 6.335 kg ha-1 d-1 de DQO. As eficiências de remoção de NTK e PT no sistema como um todo foram de, aproximadamente, 35%, não havendo diferença significativa entre as fases. Porém, em termos de COV removida, houve maior remoção com o aumento da carga aplicada. As características apresentadas pelo efluente do sistema nas diferentes fases não alcançaram os padrões ambientais para lançamento em cursos de água no Estado de Minas Gerais, dentre as variáveis avaliadas, mas seu potencial nutricional deve ser utilizado para produção agrícola.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT In this study, we assessed the combined effect of two treatment units on removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). Continuous feeding was provided to the units which consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a working volume of 96 L and a constructed wetland system (WS) with a capacity of 237 L. The experiment was performed in three phases with variation in hydraulic retention time (HRT). UASB reactor had a HRT of 59, 19.5 and 5 hours; and for the WSs, HRTs were 146, 48 and 13 hours. Volumetric organic loading rates (VOLR) applied to the reactor were 1.2, 1.3 and 13.0 kg.m-3d-1 of COD. Surface application rates (SAR) in the WS were 120, 130 and 464 kg ha-1 d-1 of TKN, and 13, 51 and 240 kg ha-1 d-1 of TP. Removal efficiency of TKN and TP reached approximately 35% for the entire system with no significant differences among phases. However, such removal rates achieved higher values with increasing loads. Regarding the evaluated variables, we concluded that the effluent generated by the combined system at all phases did not reach the environmental standards proposed by the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to be released into water bodies. On the other hand, this waste has a great nutritional potential that should be used to enhance agricultural production.

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          Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands.

          The processes that affect removal and retention of nitrogen during wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands (CWs) are manifold and include NH(3) volatilization, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, plant and microbial uptake, mineralization (ammonification), nitrate reduction to ammonium (nitrate-ammonification), anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX), fragmentation, sorption, desorption, burial, and leaching. However, only few processes ultimately remove total nitrogen from the wastewater while most processes just convert nitrogen to its various forms. Removal of total nitrogen in studied types of constructed wetlands varied between 40 and 55% with removed load ranging between 250 and 630 g N m(-2) yr(-1) depending on CWs type and inflow loading. However, the processes responsible for the removal differ in magnitude among systems. Single-stage constructed wetlands cannot achieve high removal of total nitrogen due to their inability to provide both aerobic and anaerobic conditions at the same time. Vertical flow constructed wetlands remove successfully ammonia-N but very limited denitrification takes place in these systems. On the other hand, horizontal-flow constructed wetlands provide good conditions for denitrification but the ability of these system to nitrify ammonia is very limited. Therefore, various types of constructed wetlands may be combined with each other in order to exploit the specific advantages of the individual systems. The soil phosphorus cycle is fundamentally different from the N cycle. There are no valency changes during biotic assimilation of inorganic P or during decomposition of organic P by microorganisms. Phosphorus transformations during wastewater treatment in CWs include adsorption, desorption, precipitation, dissolution, plant and microbial uptake, fragmentation, leaching, mineralization, sedimentation (peat accretion) and burial. The major phosphorus removal processes are sorption, precipitation, plant uptake (with subsequent harvest) and peat/soil accretion. However, the first three processes are saturable and soil accretion occurs only in FWS CWs. Removal of phosphorus in all types of constructed wetlands is low unless special substrates with high sorption capacity are used. Removal of total phosphorus varied between 40 and 60% in all types of constructed wetlands with removed load ranging between 45 and 75 g N m(-2) yr(-1) depending on CWs type and inflow loading. Removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus via harvesting of aboveground biomass of emergent vegetation is low but it could be substantial for lightly loaded systems (cca 100-200 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and 10-20 g P m(-2) yr(-1)). Systems with free-floating plants may achieve higher removal of nitrogen via harvesting due to multiple harvesting schedule.
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            Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: five decades of experience.

            J Vymazal (2011)
            The first experiments on the use of wetland plants to treat wastewaters were carried out in the early 1950s by Dr. Käthe Seidel in Germany and the first full-scale systems were put into operation during the late 1960s. Since then, the subsurface systems have been commonly used in Europe while free water surface systems have been more popular in North America and Australia. During the 1970s and 1980s, the information on constructed wetland technology spread slowly. But since the 1990 s the technology has become international, facilitated by exchange among scientists and researchers around the world. Because of the need for more effective removal of ammonia and total nitrogen, during the 1990 s and 2000s vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetlands were combined to complement each other to achieve higher treatment efficiency. Today, constructed wetlands are recognized as a reliable wastewater treatment technology and they represent a suitable solution for the treatment of many types of wastewater.
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              Treatment Wetlands

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                eagri
                Engenharia Agrícola
                Eng. Agríc.
                Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola (Jaboticabal )
                1809-4430
                October 2015
                : 35
                : 5
                : 931-940
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Lavras Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Lavras Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Lavras Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal de Lavras Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal de Lavras Brazil
                Article
                S0100-69162015000500931
                10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v35n5p931-940/2015
                b247f80f-48aa-4848-a407-bfc73826ccec

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-6916&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

                Agricultural engineering
                Organic loading,Nutrients,Application rate,Biological treatment,Wetland systems,carga orgânica,nutrientes,taxa de aplicação superficial,tratamento biológico,wetlands

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