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      Seeking Professional Help for Mental Illness: A Mixed-Methods Study of Black Family Members in the UK and Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Seeking professional help for mental illness is a limited practice among Black family members in low and middle socioeconomic groups in the United Kingdom (UK) and Nigeria. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, we explored some factors restricting professional help-seeking practices among the target groups. This mixed-methods study recruited a heterogeneous sample of 105 ( ranging from 19–64 years) UK and Nigerian Black family members in low or middle socioeconomic groups. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and open-ended questions. Collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics (version 22.0) and thematic analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in professional help-seeking behavior among the UK and Nigerian Black family members in low and middle socioeconomic groups [ F (3, 83) = 1.13;  p > .05]. The qualitative data analysis revealed that respondents were limited from professional help-seeking due to high consultation fees to see a mental health professional, perceived accessibility to mental health services within their various locations, stigmatization and socio-cultural factors (such as, “The perception that a man should be strong” or “Mental health isn’t as important as physical health”), concerns about the safety of information shared during professional help-seeking or therapy sessions, poor knowledge about mental health services, long waiting time to see a professional in face-to-face therapy, and risk of contracting the infectious disease in the hospital setting. Implications of findings for theory and practice and direction for future research are thus discussed.

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          Member Checking

          The trustworthiness of results is the bedrock of high quality qualitative research. Member checking, also known as participant or respondent validation, is a technique for exploring the credibility of results. Data or results are returned to participants to check for accuracy and resonance with their experiences. Member checking is often mentioned as one in a list of validation techniques. This simplistic reporting might not acknowledge the value of using the method, nor its juxtaposition with the interpretative stance of qualitative research. In this commentary, we critique how member checking has been used in published research, before describing and evaluating an innovative in-depth member checking technique, Synthesized Member Checking. The method was used in a study with patients diagnosed with melanoma. Synthesized Member Checking addresses the co-constructed nature of knowledge by providing participants with the opportunity to engage with, and add to, interview and interpreted data, several months after their semi-structured interview.
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            Is Open Access

            Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods

            As with other fields, medical sciences are subject to different sources of bias. While understanding sources of bias is a key element for drawing valid conclusions, bias in health research continues to be a very sensitive issue that can affect the focus and outcome of investigations. Information bias, otherwise known as misclassification, is one of the most common sources of bias that affects the validity of health research. It originates from the approach that is utilized to obtain or confirm study measurements. This paper seeks to raise awareness of information bias in observational and experimental research study designs as well as to enrich discussions concerning bias problems. Specifying the types of bias can be essential to limit its effects and, the use of adjustment methods might serve to improve clinical evaluation and health care practice.
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              A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research

              Data saturation is the most commonly employed concept for estimating sample sizes in qualitative research. Over the past 20 years, scholars using both empirical research and mathematical/statistical models have made significant contributions to the question: How many qualitative interviews are enough? This body of work has advanced the evidence base for sample size estimation in qualitative inquiry during the design phase of a study, prior to data collection, but it does not provide qualitative researchers with a simple and reliable way to determine the adequacy of sample sizes during and/or after data collection. Using the principle of saturation as a foundation, we describe and validate a simple-to-apply method for assessing and reporting on saturation in the context of inductive thematic analyses. Following a review of the empirical research on data saturation and sample size estimation in qualitative research, we propose an alternative way to evaluate saturation that overcomes the shortcomings and challenges associated with existing methods identified in our review. Our approach includes three primary elements in its calculation and assessment: Base Size, Run Length, and New Information Threshold. We additionally propose a more flexible approach to reporting saturation. To validate our method, we use a bootstrapping technique on three existing thematically coded qualitative datasets generated from in-depth interviews. Results from this analysis indicate the method we propose to assess and report on saturation is feasible and congruent with findings from earlier studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ifeanyiogueji21@gmail.com
                maia.m.o@hotmail.co.uk
                Journal
                Psychol Stud (Mysore)
                Psychol Stud (Mysore)
                Psychological Studies
                Springer India (New Delhi )
                0033-2968
                0974-9861
                11 May 2022
                : 1-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9582.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 5983, Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, , University of Ibadan, ; Ibadan,  Oyo State Nigeria
                [2 ]GRID grid.90685.32, ISNI 0000 0000 9479 0090, Department of Psychology, , The University of Buckingham, ; Yeomanry House, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire MK18 1EG UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.439450.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0507 6811, South West London and St. George’s Mental Health NHS Trust, ; London, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-5406
                Article
                650
                10.1007/s12646-022-00650-1
                9094119
                35578647
                a447f14f-cbf1-4223-a6b4-b2e89a958014
                © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India 2022

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 2 January 2021
                : 10 February 2022
                Categories
                Research in Progress

                professional help-seeking,mental illness,black families,mixed-methods study,the uk,nigeria

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