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      Chrysanthemum extract attenuates hepatotoxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro

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          Abstract

          Background

          ‘ Bianliang ziyu’, a famous chrysanthemum variety commonly planted in Kaifeng, China, is often consumed by local residents. However, the hepatoprotective effects of Bianliang ziyu and their underlying mechanisms are not clear.

          Objective

          In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of Bianliang ziyu extract (BZE) on liver injury and explored its molecular mechanisms.

          Design

          Sprague-Dawley rats were administered BZE by intragastric administration for 8–9 days, and then alcohol or carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) was administered by gavage to induce acute liver injury. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde in the rats were measured, and the liver of each rat was examined for histopathological changes. In vitro, HL-7702 cells were pretreated with BZE for 24 h and then exposed to 30 mmol•L −1 acetaminophen (APAP) for 12 h. The survival rate of the cells and the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were determined. Then, we investigated the effects of BZE on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in HL-7702 cells induced by APAP.

          Results

          The results showed that BZE prevented alcohol-, CCl 4-, and APAP-induced liver injury and suppressed hepatic oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. BZE was also observed to significantly inhibit the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and regulate the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 in APAP-induced HL-7702 cells. In addition, BZE significantly promoted nuclear translocation and the expression of Nrf2 as well as its downstream gene hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) in vitro. Furthermore, the findings showed that Nrf2 siRNA reversed the effects of BZE on cell survival and apoptosis-related protein expression in APAP-induced HL-7702 cells.

          Conclusions

          BZE plays an important role in preventing hepatotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis through activation of Nrf2 signaling. BZE could be developed as an effective functional food for protecting the liver.

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          On the antioxidant properties of kynurenic acid: free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of oxidative stress.

          R Lugo-Huitrón, T Blanco-Ayala, P Ugalde-Muñiz … (2015)
          Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway for tryptophan degradation and an antagonist of both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptors. KYNA has also been shown to scavenge hydroxyl radicals (OH) under controlled conditions of free radical production. In this work we evaluated the ability of KYNA to scavenge superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). The scavenging ability of KYNA (expressed as IC(50) values) was as follows: OH=O(2)(-)>ONOO(-). In parallel, the antiperoxidative and scavenging capacities of KYNA (0-150 μM) were tested in cerebellum and forebrain homogenates exposed to 5 μM FeSO(4) and 2.5 mM 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). Both FeSO(4) and 3-NPA increased lipid peroxidation (LP) and ROS formation in a significant manner in these preparations, whereas KYNA significantly reduced these markers. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were determined in the presence of FeSO(4) and/or KYNA (0-100 μM), both at intra and extracellular levels. An increase in ROS formation was induced by FeSO(4) in forebrain and cerebellum in a time-dependent manner, and KYNA reduced this effect in a concentration-dependent manner. To further know whether the effect of KYNA on oxidative stress is independent of NMDA and nicotinic receptors, we also tested KYNA (0-100 μM) in a biological preparation free of these receptors - defolliculated Xenopus laevis oocytes - incubated with FeSO(4) for 1 h. A 3-fold increase in LP and a 2-fold increase in ROS formation were seen after exposure to FeSO(4), whereas KYNA attenuated these effects in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the in vivo formation of OH evoked by an acute infusion of FeSO(4) (100 μM) in the rat striatum was estimated by microdialysis and challenged by a topic infusion of KYNA (1 μM). FeSO(4) increased the striatal OH production, while KYNA mitigated this effect. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that KYNA, in addition to be a well-known antagonist acting on nicotinic and NMDA receptors, can be considered as a potential endogenous antioxidant. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            High sensitivity of Nrf2 knockout mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity associated with decreased expression of ARE-regulated drug metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant genes.

            Kouichi Itoh, Tomomi Kimura, A Enomoto … (2000)
            Nrf2, which belongs to the basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor family, has been implicated as a key molecule involved in antioxidant-responsive element (ARE)-mediated gene expression. In order to examine the role of Nrf2 in protection against xenobiotic toxicity, the sensitivity of nrf2 knockout mice to acetaminophen (N-acetyl-4-aminophenol (APAP)) was analyzed. The saturation of detoxification pathways after high levels of exposure to APAP is known to induce hepatotoxicity. Two factors important in its detoxification are UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT), an ARE-regulated phase-II drug-metabolizing enzyme, and glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant molecule whose synthesis depends on ARE-regulated gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gammaGCS). Two- to 4-month-old male mice were orally administered a single dose of APAP at 0, 150, 300, or 600 mg/kg. Doses of 300 mg/kg APAP or greater caused death in the homozygous knockout mice only, and those that survived showed a greater severity in hepatic damage than the wild-type mice, as demonstrated by increased plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, decreased hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content, and centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis. The high sensitivity of Nrf2-deficient mice was confirmed from observations made at 0, 2, 8, and 24 h after dosing with 300 mg/kg APAP; increased anti-APAP immunoreactivity was also noted in their livers at 2 h. Untreated homozygous knockout mice showed both a lower UDP-GT activity and NPSH content, which corresponded to decreased mRNA levels of UDP-GT (Ugt1a6) and the heavy chain of gammaGCS, respectively. These results show that Nrf2 plays a protective role against APAP hepatotoxicity by regulating both drug metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant genes through the ARE.
            Article 0 comments Cited 109 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Reactive oxygen species: destroyers or messengers?

              Grzegorz Bartosz (2009)
              Abundant evidence leaves no doubt that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only inevitable by-products of oxygen metabolism but also play a role in cellular signaling. ROS are produced by a family of NADPH oxidases for signaling purposes and mediate or augment the effects of insulin, growth factors, cytokines and G-protein-coupled receptors. Disturbances of ROS signaling leading to overproduction of these intermediates inflict oxidative damage of cell components in the course of various diseases. Restoration of proper ROS signaling, especially inhibition of cellular sources of ROS, may thus provide new ways of therapy.
              Article 0 comments Cited 84 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Food Nutr Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Food Nutr Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): FNR
                Title: Food & Nutrition Research
                Publisher: Open Academia
                ISSN (Electronic): 1654-661X
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 April 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 63
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.29219/fnr.v63.1667
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pharmaceutical Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
                [2 ]Henan Medical Technician Institute, Kaifeng, China
                [3 ]Kaifeng Key Lab for Application of Local Dendranthema morifolium in Food & Drug, Kaifeng, China
                Author notes
                [* ] Xiaobin Pang, Pharmaceutical Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China, Email: pxb@ 123456vip.henu.edu.cn
                [* ] Xinmei Xie, Pharmaceutical Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China, Email: xxm@ 123456vip.henu.edu.cn
                [* ] Guang Han, Pharmaceutical Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China, Email: hang@ 123456vip.henu.edu.cn
                [†]

                The first two authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 1667
                DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.1667
                PMC ID: 6475127
                PubMed ID: 31024225
                SO-VID: 9affb177-3fad-4cb9-9b05-a6c611a72143
                Copyright © © 2019 Zixia Tian et al.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                Date received : 26 October 2018
                Date revision received : 31 January 2019
                Date accepted : 25 March 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: chrysanthemum extract,liver injury,antioxidative,anti-apoptosis,nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: chrysanthemum extract, liver injury, antioxidative, anti-apoptosis, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2

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