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      Laundry Hygiene and Visible Cleanliness: An Attempt to Predict the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Laundering Processes by its Cleaning Performance Translated title: Waschhygiene und sichtbare Sauberkeit: Ein Versuch, die antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit von Waschprozessen durch seine Reinigungsleistung vorherzusagen

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          Abstract

          Insufficiently decontaminated textiles could lead to transmission of infections. Thus, laundry hygiene is of particular interest and investigated in numerous studies. However, laundering experiments that use microorganisms to investigate the reduction of microbial loads on textiles are particularly time-consuming and material-intensive and the handling of pathogenic microorganisms is subject to legal regulations. Therefore, alternative methods of investigation are desired. So far, there is no satisfactory solution to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of a laundering process without expensive microbiological investigations. This study introduces an approach to predict the antimicrobial performance of a laundering process by its cleaning performance. It is not possible to conclude immediately from the cleaning index of a washing process to its antimicrobial effect based on stain types used in this study. Also in washing processes with low cleaning indices a high microbial reduction can be achieved. For bleach free liquid detergent, strong, time dependent, positive correlations between microbial reduction and cleaning index for cocoa, soot, and sebum were identified.

          Kurzfassung

          Unzureichend dekontaminierte Textilien können zur Übertragung von Infektionen führen. Daher ist die Waschhygiene von besonderem Interesse und wurde in zahlreichen Studien untersucht. Waschversuche mit Mikroorganismen zur Untersuchung der Keimreduktion von Textilien sind jedoch besonders zeit- und materialintensiv und der Umgang mit pathogenen Mikroorganismen unterliegt gesetzlichen Regelungen. Daher sind alternative Untersuchungsmethoden erwünscht. Bislang gibt es keine befriedigende Lösung, um die antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit eines Waschverfahrens ohne teure mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zu bewerten. Diese Studie führt einen Ansatz ein, um die antimikrobielle Leistung eines Waschprozesses durch seine Reinigungsleistung vorherzusagen. Aus dem Reinigungsindex eines Waschprozesses kann nicht sofort auf seine antimikrobielle Wirkung basierend auf den in dieser Studie verwendeten Fleckentypen geschlossen werden. Auch bei Waschprozessen mit geringen Reinigungsindices kann eine hohe mikrobielle Reduktion erreicht werden. Für bleichmittelfreies Flüssigwaschmittel wurden starke, zeitabhängige, positive Korrelationen zwischen Keimreduktion und Reinigungsindex für Kakao, Ruß und Talg festgestellt.

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          Most cited references24

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          The survival and transfer of microbial contamination via cloths, hands and utensils

          Survival and transfer of bacteria from laminated surfaces and cleaning cloths were investigated under laboratory conditions. Drying produced substantial reductions in numbers of recoverable organisms and achieved satisfactory decontamination of clean laminate surfaces. On soiled surfaces and on clean and soiled cloths, Gram-positive and some Gram-negative species survived for up to 4 h, and in some cases up to 24 h. Where contaminated surfaces or cloths came into contact with the fingers, a stainless steel bowl, or a clean laminate surface, organisms were transferred in sufficient numbers to represent a potential hazard if in contact with food.
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            Microbial survival and odor in laundry

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              Impact of wash cycle time, temperature and detergent formulation on the hygiene effectiveness of domestic laundering.

              Investigation of the effect of temperature and duration of the laundering process with and without activated oxygen bleach (AOB)-containing detergent on the hygienic effectiveness of laundering.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tsd
                Tenside Surfactants Detergents
                Carl Hanser Verlag
                0932-3414
                2195-8564
                14 September 2018
                : 55
                : 5
                : 391-397
                Affiliations
                1 Hochschule Rhein-Waal, Fakultät Life Sciences, Kleve
                2 Universität Bonn, Institut für Landtechnik Sektion Haushaltstechnik
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence address, Prof. Dr. Dirk Bockmühl, Hygiene and Microbiology, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, D-47533 Kleve, Tel.: +49282180673208, Fax: +4928218067344208, E-Mail: dirk.bockmuehl@ 123456hochschule-rhein-waal.de

                Dr. Marlitt Honisch. Engineer, works as a researcher at the Rhine-Waal-University of Applied Sciences in Kleve.

                Prof. Dr. Rainer Stamminger. Engineer, works as a professor for Household and Appliance Technology at the University of Bonn.

                Prof. Dr. Dirk Bockmühl. Microbiologist, works as a professor for Hygiene and Microbiology at the Rhine-Waal-University of Applied Sciences in Kleve.

                Article
                TS110582
                10.3139/113.110582
                87f07601-b451-485b-a1e7-4bb8d2e89b16
                © 2018, Carl Hanser Publisher, Munich
                History
                : 9 March 2018
                : 18 May 2018
                Page count
                References: 31, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Laundry

                Chemistry,Pharmaceutical chemistry,Analytical chemistry,General chemistry
                Haushaltshygiene,Haushaltsgeräte,mikrobieller Reduktionsfaktor,Textilpflege,Fleckenentfernung,Domestic hygiene,household appliances,microbial reduction factor,textile care,stain removal

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