Synergistic remineralization of enamel white spot lesions using mesoporous bioactive glasses loaded with amorphous calcium phosphate

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Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to create a new delivery system that can synergistically remineralize enamel white spot lesions (WSLs).

Materials and methods: The delivery system (PAA-ACP@aMBG) was prepared by using aminated mesoporous bioactive glasses (aMBG) as the carrier loaded with polyacrylic-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (PAA-ACP). The materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES), and so on. Forty-eight artificial WSLs enamel samples were randomized to four groups: artificial saliva (negative control, NC), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), PAA-ACP@aMBG, and MBG. The effects of demineralization and remineralization of the enamel surface were compared by means of surface microhardness (SMH) measurements, surface color change measurements, fluorescence microscopy (FM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: There was no significant difference in the surface microhardness recovery rate (SMHRR) or color recovery rate (CRR) among the CPP-ACP group, PAA-ACP@aMBG group and MBG group (P>0.05), but these values were significantly higher than those in the NC group ( p < 0.01). FM demonstrated that the remineralization depth in the PAA-ACP@aMBG group was significantly greater than that of the remaining three groups ( p < 0.01). SEM analysis indicated that the enamel demineralization marks in the PAA-ACP@aMBG group, CPP-ACP group, and MBG group were obscured by mineral deposition.

Conclusions: PAA-ACP@aMBG showed good mineralization properties, implying its great potential for clinical application.

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Most cited references 35

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The role of collagen in bone apatite formation in the presence of hydroxyapatite nucleation inhibitors.

Koen Pieterse, Nico A J M Sommerdijk, Anne George … (2010)

Bone is a composite material in which collagen fibrils form a scaffold for a highly organized arrangement of uniaxially oriented apatite crystals. In the periodic 67 nm cross-striated pattern of the collagen fibril, the less dense 40-nm-long gap zone has been implicated as the place where apatite crystals nucleate from an amorphous phase, and subsequently grow. This process is believed to be directed by highly acidic non-collagenous proteins; however, the role of the collagen matrix during bone apatite mineralization remains unknown. Here, combining nanometre-scale resolution cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and cryogenic electron tomography with molecular modelling, we show that collagen functions in synergy with inhibitors of hydroxyapatite nucleation to actively control mineralization. The positive net charge close to the C-terminal end of the collagen molecules promotes the infiltration of the fibrils with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Furthermore, the clusters of charged amino acids, both in gap and overlap regions, form nucleation sites controlling the conversion of ACP into a parallel array of oriented apatite crystals. We developed a model describing the mechanisms through which the structure, supramolecular assembly and charge distribution of collagen can control mineralization in the presence of inhibitors of hydroxyapatite nucleation.

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Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.

J. D. Chapman, Katharina G Eckert, David Roberts … (2010)

The development of incipient caries, or white spot lesions (WSLs), is a significant clinical problem in orthodontics. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively determine the incidence and severity of WSLs by examining pretreatment and posttreatment digital photographs. A total of 332 consecutive finished patients from a university graduate orthodontic clinic were evaluated. Initial and final digital images were compared to assess WSLs. The facial surfaces of the anterior 8 maxillary teeth were analyzed. The percentage area of WSL per total facial tooth surface was calculated to control for magnification differences. Reliability of the method was assessed by comparison with direct clinical examination data. Patient and operator factors, and treatment complexity and outcomes were evaluated as predictors of WSL incidence and severity. Agreement between direct clinical examination and digital photo data was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient 0.88 and a 0.3% average difference between methods. The incidence of at least 1 WSL on the labial surface of the anterior 8 maxillary teeth was 36%. The order of incidence was lateral incisor (34%), canine (31%), premolar (28%), and central incisor (17%). Risk factors for the development of incipient caries during orthodontic treatment were young age (preadolescent) at the start of treatment, number of poor hygiene citations during treatment, unfavorable clinical outcome score, white ethnic group, and inadequate oral hygiene at the initial pretreatment examination. The use of computer software to evaluate digital photos retrospectively is a valid method for assessing the incidence and severity of WSLs on the maxillary anterior incisors, canines, and premolars. Copyright (c) 2010 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Calcium-based biomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics.

Chao Qi, Jing Lin, Lian-Hua Fu … (2018)

Calcium-based (CaXs) biomaterials including calcium phosphates, calcium carbonates, calcium silicate and calcium fluoride have been widely utilized in the biomedical field owing to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In recent years, CaXs biomaterials have been strategically integrated with imaging contrast agents and therapeutic agents for various molecular imaging modalities including fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging or multimodal imaging, as well as for various therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy, gene therapy, hyperthermia therapy, photodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, or combination therapy, even imaging-guided therapy. Compared with other inorganic biomaterials such as silica-, carbon-, and gold-based biomaterials, CaXs biomaterials can dissolve into nontoxic ions and participate in the normal metabolism of organisms. Thus, they offer safer clinical solutions for disease theranostics. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art progress in CaXs biomaterials, which covers from their categories, characteristics and preparation methods to their bioapplications including diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics. Moreover, the current trends and key problems as well as the future prospects and challenges of CaXs biomaterials are also discussed at the end.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Juan Ren: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2116093/overview

He Wang: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2159597/overview

Xing Wang: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1760763/overview

Wei Bian: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2116089/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Bioeng Biotechnol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Bioeng Biotechnol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

Title: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 2296-4185

Publication date (Electronic): 19 January 2023

Publication date Collection: 2023

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 1109195

Affiliations

[1] ¹ Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Taiyuan, China

[2] ² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Science , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China

[3] ³ Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials , Taiyuan, China

Author notes

Edited by: Lina Altomare, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Reviewed by: Chao Qi, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, China

Junchao Wei, Nanchang University, China

*Correspondence: Wei Bian, weibian@ 123456sxmu.edu.cn ; Bin Zhao, 18636666068@ 123456163.com ; Xing Wang, kqwx100@ 123456163.com

[ † ]

These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

This article was submitted to Biomaterials, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article

Publisher ID: 1109195

DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1109195

PMC ID: 9912298

PubMed ID: 36777245

SO-VID: 877830d4-a438-4974-8709-0c8b9f7ea64d

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 27 November 2022

Date accepted : 09 January 2023

Funding

Funded by: Health Commission of Shanxi Province , doi 10.13039/100017949;

Award ID: 2019017

This work was supported by the Health Commission of Shanxi Province, China (project number: 2019017).

Synergistic remineralization of enamel white spot lesions using mesoporous bioactive glasses loaded with amorphous calcium phosphate

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Most cited references 35

The role of collagen in bone apatite formation in the presence of hydroxyapatite nucleation inhibitors.

Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Calcium-based biomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics.

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