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      Effect of ultrasound combined with exogenous GABA treatment on polyphenolic metabolites and antioxidant activity of mung bean during germination

      research-article
      Author(s): a , b , c , * , 1 , a , 1 , a , a , a , a , b
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
      Publisher: Elsevier
      Keywords: M, Mung bean, MC48, Mung bean control germinated for 48 h, MG48, Mung bean GABA treatment germinated for 48 h, MU48, Mung bean ultrasonic treatment germinated for 48 h, M0, Mung bean ultrasonic and GABA treatment germinated for 0 h, M12, Mung bean ultrasonic and GABA treatment germinated for 12 h, M24, Mung bean ultrasonic and GABA treatment germinated for 24 h, M48, Mung bean ultrasonic and GABA treatment germinated for 48 h, M72, Mung bean ultrasonic and GABA treatment germinated for 72 h, M96, Mung bean ultrasonic and GABA treatment germinated for 96 h, GD, Gastric digestion, ID, Intestinal digestion, T-AOC, Total antioxidant capacity, ABTS, 2,2-Azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid, DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, FF, Free flavonoids, FP, Free polyphenols, RSC, Radical scavenging capacity, GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid, Mung bean, Germination, Ultrasound, γ-Aminobutyric acid, Polyphenols, Antioxidant capacity

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          Highlights

          • •

            Ultrasound pretreatment enhanced the phenolics content of mung bean sprouts.

          • •

            Phenolics content and antioxidant capacity of mung bean sprouts positively correlated.

          • •

            A total number of 608 metabolites were detected in sprouted mung beans.

          • •

            More than 50 phenolic compounds were identified in sprouts of mung bean.

          • •

            Sprouted mung bean digest showed high phenolics content and antioxidant capacity.

          Abstract

          Mung bean seeds were treated by a combination of ultrasound and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Effect of these treatments on the free polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, and digestibility of mung bean sprouts was evaluated. Additionally, phenolic compounds were analyzed and identified using a metabolomics approach. The combined ultrasound and GABA treatments significantly enhanced the free polyphenols and flavonoids content ( P < 0.05) of mung bean sprouts depending on sprouting duration. Besides, a positive correlation ( P < 0.05) was found between the polyphenols content and in vitro antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts. Moreover, a total number of 608 metabolites were detected, and 55 polyphenol compounds were identified, including flavonoids, isoflavones, phenols, and coumarins. Also, the KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed 10 metabolic pathways of phenols, including flavonoid, isoflavone, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Powder of 48 h sprouted mung bean released polyphenols during simulated gastric digestion and possessed antioxidant activity.

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          Most cited references48

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          A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food - an international consensus.

          M Minekus, M. Alminger, P Alvito … (2014)
          Simulated gastro-intestinal digestion is widely employed in many fields of food and nutritional sciences, as conducting human trials are often costly, resource intensive, and ethically disputable. As a consequence, in vitro alternatives that determine endpoints such as the bioaccessibility of nutrients and non-nutrients or the digestibility of macronutrients (e.g. lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) are used for screening and building new hypotheses. Various digestion models have been proposed, often impeding the possibility to compare results across research teams. For example, a large variety of enzymes from different sources such as of porcine, rabbit or human origin have been used, differing in their activity and characterization. Differences in pH, mineral type, ionic strength and digestion time, which alter enzyme activity and other phenomena, may also considerably alter results. Other parameters such as the presence of phospholipids, individual enzymes such as gastric lipase and digestive emulsifiers vs. their mixtures (e.g. pancreatin and bile salts), and the ratio of food bolus to digestive fluids, have also been discussed at length. In the present consensus paper, within the COST Infogest network, we propose a general standardised and practical static digestion method based on physiologically relevant conditions that can be applied for various endpoints, which may be amended to accommodate further specific requirements. A frameset of parameters including the oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion are outlined and their relevance discussed in relation to available in vivo data and enzymes. This consensus paper will give a detailed protocol and a line-by-line, guidance, recommendations and justifications but also limitation of the proposed model. This harmonised static, in vitro digestion method for food should aid the production of more comparable data in the future.
          Article 0 comments Cited 862 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Global metabolic profiling of animal and human tissues via UPLC-MS.

            Elizabeth J Want, Perrine Masson, Filippos Michopoulos … (2013)
            Obtaining comprehensive, untargeted metabolic profiles for complex solid samples, e.g., animal tissues, requires sample preparation and access to information-rich analytical methodologies such as mass spectrometry (MS). Here we describe a practical two-step process for tissue samples that is based on extraction into 'aqueous' and 'organic' phases for polar and nonpolar metabolites. Separation methods such as ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in combination with MS are needed to obtain sufficient resolution to create diagnostic metabolic profiles and identify candidate biomarkers. We provide detailed protocols for sample preparation, chromatographic procedures, multivariate analysis and metabolite identification via tandem MS (MS/MS) techniques and high-resolution MS. By using these optimized approaches, analysis of a set of samples using a 96-well plate format would take ~48 h: 1 h for system setup, 8-10 h for sample preparation, 34 h for UPLC-MS analysis and 2-3 h for preliminary/exploratory data processing, representing a robust method for untargeted metabolic screening of tissue samples.
            Article 0 comments Cited 316 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Antioxidant activity of grains.

              Kafui Adom, Rui Hai Liu (2002)
              Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of whole grains and grain-based products is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases. The health benefits of whole grains are attributed in part to their unique phytochemical composition. However, the phytochemical contents in grains have been commonly underestimated in the literature, because bound phytochemicals were not included. This study was designed to investigate the complete phytochemical profiles in free, soluble conjugated, and insoluble bound forms, as well as their antioxidant activities in uncooked whole grains. Corn had the highest total phenolic content (15.55 +/- 0.60 micromol of gallic acid equiv/g of grain) of the grains tested, followed by wheat (7.99 +/- 0.39 micromol of gallic acid equiv/g of grain), oats (6.53 +/- 0.19 micromol of gallic acid equiv/g of grain), and rice (5.56 +/- 0.17 micromol of gallic acid equiv/g of grain). The major portion of phenolics in grains existed in the bound form (85% in corn, 75% in oats and wheat, and 62% in rice), although free phenolics were frequently reported in the literature. Ferulic acid was the major phenolic compound in grains tested, with free, soluble-conjugated, and bound ferulic acids present in the ratio 0.1:1:100. Corn had the highest total antioxidant activity (181.42 +/- 0.86 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of grain), followed by wheat (76.70 +/- 1.38 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of grain), oats (74.67 +/- 1.49 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of grain), and rice (55.77 +/- 1.62 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of grain). Bound phytochemicals were the major contributors to the total antioxidant activity: 90% in wheat, 87% in corn, 71% in rice, and 58% in oats. Bound phytochemicals could survive stomach and intestinal digestion to reach the colon. This may partly explain the mechanism of grain consumption in the prevention of colon cancer, other digestive cancers, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, which is supported by epidemiological studies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 174 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lidong Wang
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ultrason Sonochem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ultrason Sonochem
                Title: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1350-4177
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2828
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 January 2023
                Publication date Collection: March 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2023
                Volume: 94
                Electronic Location Identifier: 106311
                Affiliations
                [a ]College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
                [b ]Daqing Center of Inspection and Testing for Agricultural Products and Processed Products Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
                [c ]Department of National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China. wanglidong-521@ 123456163.com
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1350-4177(23)00023-8 Publisher ID: 106311
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106311
                PMC ID: 9926298
                PubMed ID: 36738696
                SO-VID: 85d608eb-dea0-47cf-9b40-a1d50632ad90
                Copyright © © 2023 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 20 October 2022
                Date revision received : 8 January 2023
                Date accepted : 21 January 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research Article

                Keywords: m, mung bean,mc48, mung bean control germinated for 48 h,mg48, mung bean gaba treatment germinated for 48 h,mu48, mung bean ultrasonic treatment germinated for 48 h,m0, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 0 h,m12, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 12 h,m24, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 24 h,m48, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 48 h,m72, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 72 h,m96, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 96 h,gd, gastric digestion,id, intestinal digestion,t-aoc, total antioxidant capacity,abts, 2,2-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid,dpph, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,ff, free flavonoids,fp, free polyphenols,rsc, radical scavenging capacity,gaba, γ-aminobutyric acid,mung bean,germination,ultrasound,γ-aminobutyric acid,polyphenols,antioxidant capacity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: m, mung bean, mc48, mung bean control germinated for 48 h, mg48, mung bean gaba treatment germinated for 48 h, mu48, mung bean ultrasonic treatment germinated for 48 h, m0, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 0 h, m12, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 12 h, m24, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 24 h, m48, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 48 h, m72, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 72 h, m96, mung bean ultrasonic and gaba treatment germinated for 96 h, gd, gastric digestion, id, intestinal digestion, t-aoc, total antioxidant capacity, abts, 2,2-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid, dpph, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ff, free flavonoids, fp, free polyphenols, rsc, radical scavenging capacity, gaba, γ-aminobutyric acid, mung bean, germination, ultrasound, γ-aminobutyric acid, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity

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