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      Advances in recombinant antibody manufacturing

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          Abstract

          Since the first use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein expression, production processes have steadily improved through numerous advances. In this review, we have highlighted several key milestones that have contributed to the success of CHO cells from the beginning of their use for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression until today. The main factors influencing the yield of a production process are the time to accumulate a desired amount of biomass, the process duration, and the specific productivity. By comparing maximum cell densities and specific growth rates of various expression systems, we have emphasized the limiting parameters of different cellular systems and comprehensively described scientific approaches and techniques to improve host cell lines. Besides the quantitative evaluation of current systems, the quality-determining properties of a host cell line, namely post-translational modifications, were analyzed and compared to naturally occurring polyclonal immunoglobulin fractions from human plasma. In summary, numerous different expression systems for mAbs are available and also under scientific investigation. However, CHO cells are the most frequently investigated cell lines and remain the workhorse for mAb production until today.

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          Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG.

          R Parekh, R A Dwek, B J Sutton … (1985)
          Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widely prevalent (1-3%) chronic systemic disease thought to have an autoimmune component; both humoral and cellular mechanisms have been implicated. Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is considered to be distinct from rheumatoid arthritis, and here damage is thought to be secondary to cartilage degeneration. In rheumatoid arthritis, immune complexes are present that consist exclusively of immunoglobulin, implying that this is both the 'antibody' (rheumatoid factor [RF]) and the 'antigen' (most commonly IgG). Autoantigenic reactivity has been localized to the constant-region (C gamma 2) domains of IgG. There is no evidence for a polypeptide determinant but carbohydrate changes have been reported. We have therefore conducted a study, simultaneously in Oxford and Tokyo, to compare in detail the N-glycosylation pattern of serum IgG (Fig. 1) isolated from normal individuals and from patients with either primary osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. The results, which required an evaluation of the primary sequences of approximately 1,400 oligosaccharides from 46 IgG samples, indicate that: (1) IgG isolated from normal individuals, patients with RA and patients with OA contains different distributions of asparagine-linked bi-antennary complex-type oligosaccharide structures, (2) in neither disease is the IgG associated with novel oligosaccharide structures, but the observed differences are due to changes in the relative extent of galactosylation compared with normal individuals. This change results in a 'shift' in the population of IgG molecules towards those carrying complex oligosaccharides, one or both of whose arms terminate in N-acetylglucosamine. These two arthritides may therefore be glycosylation diseases, reflecting changes in the intracellular processing, or post-secretory degradation of N-linked oligosaccharides.
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            Recombinant protein expression in Pichia pastoris.

            Peter Higgins, P. Cregg, J L Cereghino … (2000)
            The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is now one of the standard tools used in molecular biology for the generation of recombinant protein. P. pastoris has demonstrated its most powerful success as a large-scale (fermentation) recombinant protein production tool. What began more than 20 years ago as a program to convert abundant methanol to a protein source for animal feed has been developed into what is today two important biological tools: a model eukaryote used in cell biology research and a recombinant protein production system. To date well over 200 heterologous proteins have been expressed in P. pastoris. Significant advances in the development of new strains and vectors, improved techniques, and the commercial availability of these tools coupled with a better understanding of the biology of Pichia species have led to this microbe's value and power in commercial and research labs alike.
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              Terminal sugars of Fc glycans influence antibody effector functions of IgGs.

              T. Shantha Raju (2008)
              IgG molecules contain glycans in the CH2 domain of the Fc fragment (N-glycosylation) which are highly heterogeneous, because of the presence of different terminal sugars. The heterogeneity of Fc glycans varies with species and expression system. Fc glycans influence the binding of IgG to Fc receptors and C1q, and are therefore important for IgG effector functions. Specifically, terminal sugars such as sialic acids, core fucose, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose residues affect the binding of IgG to the FcgammaRIIIa receptor and thereby influence ADCC activity. By contrast, terminal galactose residues affect antibody binding to C1q and thereby modulate CDC activity. Structural studies indicate that the presence or absence of specific terminal sugars may affect hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions between sugar residues and amino acid residues in the Fc fragment, which in turn may impact antibody effector functions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Renate Kunert: (+43) 1/47654-6595 , renate.kunert@boku.ac.at
                David Reinhart: david.reinhart@boku.ac.at
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
                Title: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0175-7598
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-0614
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 March 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 March 2016
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Volume: 100
                Pages: 3451-3461
                Affiliations
                Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
                Article
                Publisher ID: 7388
                DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7388-9
                PMC ID: 4803805
                PubMed ID: 26936774
                SO-VID: 822b2da3-989b-4b0c-9785-080db6452c2d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2016
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 28 September 2015
                Date revision received : 7 February 2016
                Date accepted : 9 February 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Mini-Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: chinese hamster ovary (cho),human embryonic kidney (hek),ns0,per.c6,monoclonal antibody (mab) manufacturing,mammalian expression systems,process advances,optimization strategies
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: chinese hamster ovary (cho), human embryonic kidney (hek), ns0, per.c6, monoclonal antibody (mab) manufacturing, mammalian expression systems, process advances, optimization strategies

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