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      Educational interventions in health services and oral health: systematic review Translated title: Intervenções educativas em serviços de saúde e saúde bucal: revisão sistemática

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          ABSTRACT

          OBJECTIVE

          To analyze the effectiveness of educational interventions performed in health services in the improvement of clinical behaviors and outcomes in oral health.

          METHODS

          We have carried out a systematic review of the literature searching the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. We have included studies that have investigated interventions performed by health professionals working in health services and who have used educational actions as main approach to improve behavioral and clinical outcomes in oral health.

          RESULTS

          The search amounted to 832 articles and 14 of them met all the inclusion criteria. Five studies have only exclusively evaluated the effectiveness of interventions on caries reduction, three have exceptionally evaluated oral health behaviors, and the other articles have evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for both clinical outcomes (dental caries and periodontal conditions) and behaviors in oral health. Most of the studies (n = 9) were based on randomized controlled trials; the other ones have evaluated before and after the intervention. Five studies have reported a significant reduction of dental caries, and five of the six studies evaluating behavioral outcomes have found some positive change.

          CONCLUSIONS

          Most studies evaluating behavioral and periodontal outcomes have shown significant improvements in favor of interventions. All studies evaluating caries have shown a reduction in new lesions or cases of the disease in the groups receiving the interventions, although only five of the eleven articles have found a statistically significant difference. Educational interventions carried out by health professionals in the context of their practice have the potential to promote oral health in the population.

          RESUMO

          OBJETIVO

          Analisar a efetividade de intervenções educativas realizadas em serviços de saúde na melhoria de comportamentos e desfechos clínicos em saúde bucal.

          MÉTODOS

          Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos que investigaram intervenções realizadas por profissionais de saúde atuantes em serviços de saúde e que utilizaram como principal abordagem ações de educação com a finalidade de melhorar desfechos comportamentais e clínicos em saúde bucal.

          RESULTADOS

          A busca totalizou 832 artigos e 14 preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. Cinco estudos verificaram exclusivamente a efetividade das intervenções na redução de cárie, três avaliaram excepcionalmente comportamentos em saúde bucal, os demais artigos julgaram a efetividade das intervenções tanto para desfechos clínicos (cárie dentária e condições periodontais) quanto para comportamentos em saúde bucal. A maioria dos estudos (n = 9) foi baseada em ensaios randomizados e controlados, os demais avaliaram o antes e depois da intervenção. Cinco estudos reportaram redução significativa de cárie dentária, e cinco dos seis estudos que avaliaram desfechos comportamentais encontraram alguma mudança positiva.

          CONCLUSÕES

          A maioria dos estudos que avaliaram desfechos comportamentais e periodontais mostrou melhorias significativas a favor das intervenções. Todos os estudos que avaliaram cárie mostraram a diminuição de novas lesões ou casos da doença nos grupos que receberam as intervenções, embora apenas cinco dos 11 artigos tenham encontrado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. As intervenções educativas realizadas por profissionais de saúde no contexto de sua prática apresentam potencial em promover a saúde bucal da população.

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          Most cited references57

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          Toward a theory of motivational interviewing.

          The widely disseminated clinical method of motivational interviewing (MI) arose through a convergence of science and practice. Beyond a large base of clinical trials, advances have been made toward "looking under the hood" of MI to understand the underlying mechanisms by which it affects behavior change. Such specification of outcome-relevant aspects of practice is vital to theory development and can inform both treatment delivery and clinical training. An emergent theory of MI is proposed that emphasizes two specific active components: a relational component focused on empathy and the interpersonal spirit of MI, and a technical component involving the differential evocation and reinforcement of client change talk. A resulting causal chain model links therapist training, therapist and client responses during treatment sessions, and posttreatment outcomes.
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            Motivational interviewing in medical care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

            Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a method for encouraging people to make behavioral changes to improve health outcomes. We used systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate MI's efficacy in medical care settings. Database searches located randomized clinical trials that compared MI to comparison conditions and isolated the unique effect of MI within medical care settings. Forty-eight studies (9618 participants) were included. The overall effect showed a statistically significant, modest advantage for MI: Odd ratio=1.55 (CI: 1.40-1.71), z=8.67, p<.001. MI showed particular promise in areas such as HIV viral load, dental outcomes, death rate, body weight, alcohol and tobacco use, sedentary behavior, self-monitoring, confidence in change, and approach to treatment. MI was not particularly effective with eating disorder or self-care behaviors or some medical outcomes such as heart rate. MI was robust across moderators such as delivery location and patient characteristics, and appears efficacious when delivered in brief consultations. The emerging evidence for MI in medical care settings suggests it provides a moderate advantage over comparison interventions and could be used for a wide range of behavioral issues in health care. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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              From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities.

              The persistent and universal nature of oral health inequalities presents a significant challenge to oral health policy makers. Inequalities in oral health mirror those in general health. The universal social gradient in both general and oral health highlights the underlying influence of psychosocial, economic, environmental and political determinants. The dominant preventive approach in dentistry, i.e. narrowly focusing on changing the behaviours of high-risk individuals, has failed to effectively reduce oral health inequalities, and may indeed have increased the oral health equity gap. A conceptual shift is needed away from this biomedical/behavioural 'downstream' approach, to one addressing the 'upstream' underlying social determinants of population oral health. Failure to change our preventive approach is a dereliction of ethical and scientific integrity. A range of complementary public health actions may be implemented at local, national and international levels to promote sustainable oral health improvements and reduce inequalities. The aim of this article is to stimulate discussion and debate on the future development of oral health improvement strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Saude Publica
                Rev Saude Publica
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                2018
                03 May 2018
                : 52
                : 52
                Affiliations
                [I ]Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
                [II ]Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Odontologia. Departamento de Odontologia Social e Preventiva. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Andreia Morales Cascaes, Departamento de Odontologia Social e Preventiva, Faculdade de Odontologia – UFPel, R. Gonçalves Chaves, 457 96015-560 Pelotas, RS, Brasil E-mail: andreia.cascaes@ 123456ufpel.edu.br

                Authors’ Contribution: Design and planning of the study: AMM, AMC. Collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data: AMM, AMC, AERS. Preparation or review of the study: AMM, AMC. All authors have approved the final version of the study and assume public responsibility for its content.

                Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                00505
                10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000109
                5953546
                29791531
                80c1c85b-c0a8-4971-a4c9-66570cd04107

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 August 2016
                : 06 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 62
                Categories
                Review

                health education,dental,evaluation of the efficacy-effectiveness of interventions,dental health services,review,educação em saúde bucal,avaliação de eficácia-efetividade de intervenções,serviços de saúde bucal,revisão

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