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      Gender differences in scientific productivity: a persisting phenomenon?

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          Abstract

          There is substantial literature on research performance differences between male and female researchers, and its explanation. Using publication records of 852 social scientists, we show that performance differences indeed exist. However, our case study suggests that in the younger generation of researchers these have disappeared. If performance differences exist at all in our case, young female researchers outperform young male researchers. The trend in developed societies, that women increasingly outperform men in all levels of education, is also becoming effective in the science system.

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          Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science

          S Ceci, W M Williams (2011)
          Explanations for women's underrepresentation in math-intensive fields of science often focus on sex discrimination in grant and manuscript reviewing, interviewing, and hiring. Claims that women scientists suffer discrimination in these arenas rest on a set of studies undergirding policies and programs aimed at remediation. More recent and robust empiricism, however, fails to support assertions of discrimination in these domains. To better understand women's underrepresentation in math-intensive fields and its causes, we reprise claims of discrimination and their evidentiary bases. Based on a review of the past 20 y of data, we suggest that some of these claims are no longer valid and, if uncritically accepted as current causes of women's lack of progress, can delay or prevent understanding of contemporary determinants of women's underrepresentation. We conclude that differential gendered outcomes in the real world result from differences in resources attributable to choices, whether free or constrained, and that such choices could be influenced and better informed through education if resources were so directed. Thus, the ongoing focus on sex discrimination in reviewing, interviewing, and hiring represents costly, misplaced effort: Society is engaged in the present in solving problems of the past, rather than in addressing meaningful limitations deterring women's participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers today. Addressing today's causes of underrepresentation requires focusing on education and policy changes that will make institutions responsive to differing biological realities of the sexes. Finally, we suggest potential avenues of intervention to increase gender fairness that accord with current, as opposed to historical, findings.
          Article 0 comments Cited 322 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Impact of Research Collaboration on Scientific Productivity

            S Lee (2005)
            Article 0 comments Cited 292 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Gender differences in mathematics performance: a meta-analysis.

              Janet Hyde, Elizabeth Fennema, Susan Lamon (1990)
              Reviewers have consistently concluded that males perform better on mathematics tests than females do. To make a refined assessment of the magnitude of gender differences in mathematics performance, we performed a meta-analysis of 100 studies. They yielded 254 independent effect sizes, representing the testing of 3,175,188 Ss. Averaged over all effect sizes based on samples of the general population, d was -0.05, indicating that females outperformed males by only a negligible amount. For computation, d was -0.14 (the negative value indicating superior performance by females). For understanding of mathematical concepts, d was -0.03; for complex problem solving, d was 0.08. An examination of age trends indicated that girls showed a slight superiority in computation in elementary school and middle school. There were no gender differences in problem solving in elementary or middle school; differences favoring men emerged in high school (d = 0.29) and in college (d = 0.32). Gender differences were smallest and actually favored females in samples of the general population, grew larger with increasingly selective samples, and were largest for highly selected samples and samples of highly precocious persons. The magnitude of the gender difference has declined over the years; for studies published in 1973 or earlier d was 0.31, whereas it was 0.14 for studies published in 1974 or later. We conclude that gender differences in mathematics performance are small. Nonetheless, the lower performance of women in problem solving that is evident in high school requires attention.
              Article 0 comments Cited 249 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : p.a.a.vanden.besselaar@vu.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Scientometrics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Scientometrics
                Title: Scientometrics
                Publisher: Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                ISSN (Print): 0138-9130
                ISSN (Electronic): 1588-2861
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2012
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 April 2012
                Publication date (Print): December 2012
                Volume: 93
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 857-868
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Science System Assessment, Rathenau Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
                [2 ]CWTS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Department of Organization Science & Network Institute, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 712
                DOI: 10.1007/s11192-012-0712-y
                PMC ID: 3495100
                PubMed ID: 23162173
                SO-VID: 80934691-2e70-40da-8cc3-1fb3587a8e61
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2012
                History
                Date received : 26 October 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2012

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Computer science
                Keywords: scholarly performance,gender differences,generation differences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Computer science
                Keywords: scholarly performance, gender differences, generation differences

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