Colliding harms of gambling and gaming: A four-wave longitudinal population study of at-risk gambling and gaming in Finland

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Abstract

Aims: Both gambling and digital gaming are growing in popularity and there is ongoing discussion about their convergence. This population-based longitudinal survey study investigated how gambling and digital gaming types contribute to at-risk gambling and gaming. Methods: The study was based on a representative sample of 18–75-year-olds from mainland Finland. Survey data were collected at 6 -month intervals in 2021–2022, starting in April 2021. Of original T1 respondents, 58.95% took part in all four time points. In total, 3,608 observations from 902 individuals were analysed. Outcome measures were at-risk gambling and gaming based on the Problem Gambling Severity Index and the Internet Gaming Disorder Test. Various types of gambling and gaming were investigated. Results: Population-averaged models showed that different forms of gambling were associated with a higher risk of at-risk gaming. Online casino games were associated with the highest likelihood of at-risk gambling and gaming. Prevalence of digital gaming problems was low. Hybrid models were used to investigate the longitudinal within-person and between-person effects of gambling and gaming activities. Online casino games and offline slot machines increased at-risk gambling. Microtransactions within digital games increased at-risk gambling and gaming over time, but the amount of money spent on digital gaming was small compared to gambling. Conclusions: Our results underline the risks of EGMs and online gambling for the participants. Although gambling and gaming are converging, harm is mostly based on gambling.

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Most cited references 75

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Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data

Paul G Curran (2016)

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Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria.

Orsolya Király, PAWEL SLECZKA, Halley Pontes … (2015)

The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the DSM-5 (Section 3) has given rise to much scholarly debate regarding the proposed criteria and their operationalization. The present study's aim was threefold: to (i) develop and validate a brief psychometric instrument (Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test; IGDT-10) to assess IGD using definitions suggested in DSM-5, (ii) contribute to ongoing debate regards the usefulness and validity of each of the nine IGD criteria (using Item Response Theory [IRT]), and (iii) investigate the cut-off threshold suggested in the DSM-5.

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Validity of the Problem Gambling Severity Index interpretive categories.

D Casey, Gillian Currie, D Hodgins (2013)

The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) is a widely used nine item scale for measuring the severity of gambling problems in the general population. Of the four gambler types defined by the PGSI, non-problem, low-risk, moderate-risk and problem gamblers, only the latter category underwent any validity testing during the scale's development, despite the fact that over 95% of gamblers fall into one of the remaining three categories. Using Canadian population data on over 25,000 gamblers, we conducted a comprehensive validity and reliability analysis of the four PGSI gambler types. The temporal stability of PGSI subtype over a 14-month interval was modest but adequate (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.63). There was strong evidence for the validity of the non-problem and problem gambler categories however the low-risk and moderate-risk categories showed poor discriminant validity using the existing scoring rules. The validity of these categories was improved with a simple modification to the scoring system.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Atte Oksanen:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-5580

Ilkka Vuorinen

Heli Hagfors

Eerik Soares Mantere

Iina Savolainen

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nordisk Alkohol Nark

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nordisk Alkohol Nark

Journal ID (publisher-id): NAD

Journal ID (hwp): spnad

Title: Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift : NAT

Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )

ISSN (Print): 1455-0725

ISSN (Electronic): 1458-6126

Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2024

Publication date (Print): October 2024

Volume: 41

Issue: 5

Pages: 474-490

Affiliations

[1-14550725241253336]Ringgold 7840, universityTampere University; , Finland

[2-14550725241253336]Ringgold 7840, universityTampere University; , Finland

[3-14550725241253336]Ringgold 7840, universityTampere University; , Finland

[4-14550725241253336]Ringgold 3835, universityUniversity of Helsinki; , Finland

[5-14550725241253336]Ringgold 7840, universityTampere University; , Finland

Author notes

[*]Atte Oksanen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland. Email: atte.oksanen@ 123456tuni.fi

Author information

Atte Oksanen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-5580

Article

Publisher ID: 10.1177_14550725241253336

DOI: 10.1177/14550725241253336

PMC ID: 11489959

PubMed ID: 39430791

SO-VID: 7e1bb9c7-c7f4-40e8-9836-4cf599ddc70b

License:

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

History

Date received : 8 March 2023

Date accepted : 23 April 2024

Funding

Funded by: Alkoholitutkimussäätiö, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100016238;

Award ID: Gambling in the digital age project (PI: Atte Oksa

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typesetter ts19

Keywords: game types,gambling,gaming,internet,microtransactions

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Keywords: game types, gambling, gaming, internet, microtransactions

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Colliding harms of gambling and gaming: A four-wave longitudinal population study of at-risk gambling and gaming in Finland

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The Journal of Gambling and Business Economics

Most cited references 75

Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data

Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder criteria.

Validity of the Problem Gambling Severity Index interpretive categories.

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