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      Novel magnetic multicore nanoparticles designed for MPI and other biomedical applications: From synthesis to first in vivo studies

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          Abstract

          Synthesis of novel magnetic multicore particles (MCP) in the nano range, involves alkaline precipitation of iron(II) chloride in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. This step yields green rust, which is oxidized to obtain magnetic nanoparticles, which probably consist of a magnetite/maghemite mixed-phase. Final growth and annealing at 90°C in the presence of a large excess of carboxymethyl dextran gives MCP very promising magnetic properties for magnetic particle imaging (MPI), an emerging medical imaging modality, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The magnetic nanoparticles are biocompatible and thus potential candidates for future biomedical applications such as cardiovascular imaging, sentinel lymph node mapping in cancer patients, and stem cell tracking. The new MCP that we introduce here have three times higher magnetic particle spectroscopy performance at lower and middle harmonics and five times higher MPS signal strength at higher harmonics compared with Resovist®. In addition, the new MCP have also an improved in vivo MPI performance compared to Resovist ®, and we here report the first in vivo MPI investigation of this new generation of magnetic nanoparticles.

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          Tomographic imaging using the nonlinear response of magnetic particles.

          The use of contrast agents and tracers in medical imaging has a long history. They provide important information for diagnosis and therapy, but for some desired applications, a higher resolution is required than can be obtained using the currently available medical imaging techniques. Consider, for example, the use of magnetic tracers in magnetic resonance imaging: detection thresholds for in vitro and in vivo imaging are such that the background signal from the host tissue is a crucial limiting factor. A sensitive method for detecting the magnetic particles directly is to measure their magnetic fields using relaxometry; but this approach has the drawback that the inverse problem (associated with transforming the data into a spatial image) is ill posed and therefore yields low spatial resolution. Here we present a method for obtaining a high-resolution image of such tracers that takes advantage of the nonlinear magnetization curve of small magnetic particles. Initial 'phantom' experiments are reported that demonstrate the feasibility of the imaging method. The resolution that we achieve is already well below 1 mm. We evaluate the prospects for further improvement, and show that the method has the potential to be developed into an imaging method characterized by both high spatial resolution as well as high sensitivity.
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            Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: a review.

            Nowadays there is a continuously increasing worldwide concern for the development of wastewater treatment technologies. The utilization of iron oxide nanomaterials has received much attention due to their unique properties, such as extremely small size, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, surface modifiability, excellent magnetic properties and great biocompatibility. A range of environmental clean-up technologies have been proposed in wastewater treatment which applied iron oxide nanomaterials as nanosorbents and photocatalysts. Moreover, iron oxide based immobilization technology for enhanced removal efficiency tends to be an innovative research point. This review outlined the latest applications of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment, and gaps which limited their large-scale field applications. The outlook for potential applications and further challenges, as well as the likely fate of nanomaterials discharged to the environment were discussed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

              Due to their unique magnetic properties, excellent biocompatibility as well as multi-purpose biomedical potential (e.g., applications in cancer therapy and general drug delivery), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are attracting increasing attention in both pharmaceutical and industrial communities. The precise control of the physiochemical properties of these magnetic systems is crucial for hyperthermia applications, as the induced heat is highly dependent on these properties. In this review, the limitations and recent advances in the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia are presented. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Funding acquisition
                Role: Funding acquisition
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                4 January 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 1
                : e0190214
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
                [2 ] Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
                The University of Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-0288
                Article
                PONE-D-17-22764
                10.1371/journal.pone.0190214
                5754082
                29300729
                77355cc0-c395-4983-9337-344c2eb00070
                © 2018 Kratz et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 June 2017
                : 11 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 3, Pages: 22
                Funding
                Funded by: German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)
                Award ID: 13N11091
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)
                Award ID: 13N11092
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: DFG
                Award ID: TR408/9-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB)
                Award ID: 10146995
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB)
                Award ID: 10146995
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: DFG
                Award ID: TA 166/7-2
                Award Recipient :
                The research was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Grant No. FKZ 13N11091 and 13N11092, by the German Research Foundation (DFG) research program (quantMPI, grant TR408/9-1 and KFO 213, grant TA 166/7-2) and by grants from the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRE); and Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB), Grant No. 10146995. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Blood Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Macrophages
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Macrophages
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Macrophages
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Macrophages
                Engineering and Technology
                Nanotechnology
                Nanoparticles
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Microscopy
                Electron Microscopy
                Transmission Electron Microscopy
                High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Stem Cells
                Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                In Vivo Imaging
                Earth Sciences
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                Minerals
                Magnetite
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials by Attribute
                Coatings
                Engineering and Technology
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                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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