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      Prevalence and Associated Factors of Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Among Urinary Tract Infection Suspected Patients Attending at Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Background

          Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very frequent infection both in the community and hospital patients, and the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community setting and infections with this pathogen become a prevalent problem among UTI patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine prevalence and associated factors of methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among urinary tract infection suspected patients attending at Arba Minch General Hospital.

          Methods

          Facility-based cross-sectional study was done at Arba Minch General Hospital from July to October 2020. Midstream urine specimen was collected from outpatients, cultured and biochemical tests were performed to identify the intended pathogen, finally the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA was done and possible associated factors were determined. The cleaned data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.

          Results

          Four hundred and twenty two (422) adult outpatients were enrolled in this study, of which males accounted for 238 (56.4%) of the participants. The mean and standard deviation age of the participants was 27.4 (SD 27.4 ± 15.6) years. A total of 54 S. aureus isolates were recovered from urine specimen. The prevalence of MRSA among the isolated S. aureus was 23/54 (42.59% (95% CI (35.0, 47.0)). Participants who had previous exposure to UTI (p < 0.002), presence of chronic disease (p < 0.029), and hospitalization (p < 0.006) were statically associated with the prevalence of MRSA. From all the MRSA isolates, 53.7% were resistant against Nitrofurantoin.

          Conclusion

          This study revealed that MRSA could be prevalent in isolates from patients suspected of urinary tract infection and exhibiting different resistance pattern for antibiotics commonly used for treatment of staphylococcal infections.

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          Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis

          Alessandro Cassini, Liselotte Diaz Högberg, Diamantis Plachouras … (2019)
          Summary Background Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance–bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011–12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature. Findings From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671 689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583 148–763 966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426 277 of 671 689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33 110 (28 480–38 430) attributable deaths and 874 541 (768 837–989 068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece. Interpretation Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases. Funding European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
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            Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options.

            Ana L. Flores-Mireles, Jennifer N. Walker, Michael Caparon … (2015)
            Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. In this Review, we discuss how basic science studies are elucidating the molecular details of the crosstalk that occurs at the host-pathogen interface, as well as the consequences of these interactions for the pathophysiology of UTIs. We also describe current efforts to translate this knowledge into new clinical treatments for UTIs.
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              Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic.

              Michael David, Robert S Daum (2010)
              Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs), endovascular infections, pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, foreign-body infections, and sepsis. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were once confined largely to hospitals, other health care environments, and patients frequenting these facilities. Since the mid-1990s, however, there has been an explosion in the number of MRSA infections reported in populations lacking risk factors for exposure to the health care system. This increase in the incidence of MRSA infection has been associated with the recognition of new MRSA clones known as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). CA-MRSA strains differ from the older, health care-associated MRSA strains; they infect a different group of patients, they cause different clinical syndromes, they differ in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, they spread rapidly among healthy people in the community, and they frequently cause infections in health care environments as well. This review details what is known about the epidemiology of CA-MRSA strains and the clinical spectrum of infectious syndromes associated with them that ranges from a commensal state to severe, overwhelming infection. It also addresses the therapy of these infections and strategies for their prevention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Infect Drug Resist
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Infect Drug Resist
                Journal ID (publisher-id): idr
                Journal ID (pmc): idr
                Title: Infection and Drug Resistance
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-6973
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 June 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 14
                Pages: 2133-2142
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University , Dilla, Ethiopia
                [2 ]Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University , Arba Minch, Ethiopia
                [3 ]Department of Microbiology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Addisu Gize 1271, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email addisu.gize@sphmmc.edu.et
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-5861
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-7164
                Article
                Publisher ID: 306648
                DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S306648
                PMC ID: 8200170
                PubMed ID: 34135603
                SO-VID: 642c54f1-a1bd-4cb1-89c9-644eb767f8d2
                Copyright © © 2021 Mitiku et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2021
                Date accepted : 13 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 45, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus,urinary tract infection,arba minch general hospital southern ethiopia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus, urinary tract infection, arba minch general hospital southern ethiopia

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