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      Internet of Things and healthcare system: A systematic review of ethical issues

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          Abstract

          Background and Aims

          The Internet of Things (IoTs) is a set of connected objects and devices that share data and pursue a common goal in different areas. IoT technology can significantly help the healthcare system by enabling the monitoring of elderly and chronic disease patients. Along with the growth of this technology, its challenges and limitations such as Connectivity, Compatibility, Standards, cost, legal, and ethical also increase. One of the most critical and challenging issues in the IoT is ethical issues. This study aims to explore the key ethical aspects of the IoT and Categorize them based on the executive phases of IoT in healthcare.

          Methods

          The current study was conducted in two phases using the mixed‐method approach. In the first phase, a systematic review was conducted in relevant databases to identify ethical issues of the IoT. In the second phase, a focus group discussion was conducted to classify the extracted data elements based on executive phases of IoT by medical informatics experts and computer engineerings.

          Results

          Among the 138 papers retrieved through the search strategy, 11 articles were selected, and 12 ethical issues related to IoT were identified. The obtained results revealed the importance of ethical issues of IoT, including security, confidentiality, privacy, anonymity, freedom to withdraw, informed consent, integrity, availability, authorization, access control, censoring, and eavesdropping. They were classified into five main categories of executive phases of IoT based on the five experts’ opinions affiliated with SUMS, including data collection, data storage, data process, data transmission, and data delivery.

          Conclusion

          Because of the key role of the IoT in disease prevention, real‐time tele‐monitoring of patient's functions, testing of treatments, health management, and health research, considering the risks relating to Health care and patient data is essential. Moreover, health policymakers should be aware of the ethical commitment to using IoT technology.

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          Most cited references41

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation

          L Shamseer, D Moher, Suzanne M Clarke … (2015)
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            Medical Internet of Things and Big Data in Healthcare

            Dimiter Dimitrov (2016)
            Objectives A number of technologies can reduce overall costs for the prevention or management of chronic illnesses. These include devices that constantly monitor health indicators, devices that auto-administer therapies, or devices that track real-time health data when a patient self-administers a therapy. Because they have increased access to high-speed Internet and smartphones, many patients have started to use mobile applications (apps) to manage various health needs. These devices and mobile apps are now increasingly used and integrated with telemedicine and telehealth via the medical Internet of Things (mIoT). This paper reviews mIoT and big data in healthcare fields. Methods mIoT is a critical piece of the digital transformation of healthcare, as it allows new business models to emerge and enables changes in work processes, productivity improvements, cost containment and enhanced customer experiences. Results Wearables and mobile apps today support fitness, health education, symptom tracking, and collaborative disease management and care coordination. All those platform analytics can raise the relevancy of data interpretations, reducing the amount of time that end users spend piecing together data outputs. Insights gained from big data analysis will drive the digital disruption of the healthcare world, business processes and real-time decision-making. Conclusions A new category of "personalised preventative health coaches" (Digital Health Advisors) will emerge. These workers will possess the skills and the ability to interpret and understand health and well-being data. They will help their clients avoid chronic and diet-related illness, improve cognitive function, achieve improved mental health and achieve improved lifestyles overall. As the global population ages, such roles will become increasingly important.
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              The Internet of Things: Impact and Implications for Health Care Delivery

              Jaimon Kelly, Katrina L. Campbell, Enying Gong … (2020)
              The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of wireless, interrelated, and connected digital devices that can collect, send, and store data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The IoT promises many benefits to streamlining and enhancing health care delivery to proactively predict health issues and diagnose, treat, and monitor patients both in and out of the hospital. Worldwide, government leaders and decision makers are implementing policies to deliver health care services using technology and more so in response to the novel COVID-19 pandemic. It is now becoming increasingly important to understand how established and emerging IoT technologies can support health systems to deliver safe and effective care. The aim of this viewpoint paper is to provide an overview of the current IoT technology in health care, outline how IoT devices are improving health service delivery, and outline how IoT technology can affect and disrupt global health care in the next decade. The potential of IoT-based health care is expanded upon to theorize how IoT can improve the accessibility of preventative public health services and transition our current secondary and tertiary health care to be a more proactive, continuous, and coordinated system. Finally, this paper will deal with the potential issues that IoT-based health care generates, barriers to market adoption from health care professionals and patients alike, confidence and acceptability, privacy and security, interoperability, standardization and remuneration, data storage, and control and ownership. Corresponding enablers of IoT in current health care will rely on policy support, cybersecurity-focused guidelines, careful strategic planning, and transparent policies within health care organizations. IoT-based health care has great potential to improve the efficiency of the health system and improve population health.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Somayyeh Zakerabasali:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-9234
                zakerabasi@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Sci Rep
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2398-8835
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HSR2
                Title: Health Science Reports
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2398-8835
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 October 2022
                Publication date Collection: November 2022
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/hsr2.v5.6 )
                Electronic Location Identifier: e863
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Health Information Management, Clinical Education Research Center, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
                [ 2 ] Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence Somayyeh Zakerabasali, Department of Health Information Management, Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 14336‐71348, Iran.

                Email: zakerabasi@ 123456gmail.com

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-9234
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-7818
                Article
                Publisher ID: HSR2863
                DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.863
                PMC ID: 9528947
                PubMed ID: 36210869
                SO-VID: 6230a30b-f95c-4e84-951f-bb23e88e89ed
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date revision received : 16 August 2022
                Date received : 07 June 2022
                Date accepted : 07 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 8, Words: 5030
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date November 2022
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.9 mode:remove_FC converted:03.10.2022

                Keywords: ethical issues,healthcare,internet of things,iot
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ethical issues, healthcare, internet of things, iot

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