11
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Nirmatrelvir más ritonavir (Paxlovid) una potente combinación inhibidora de la proteasa 3CLpro del SARS-CoV-2 Translated title: Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) a potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro protease inhibitor combination

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Todos los coronavirus, incluido el SARS-CoV-2, codifican dos proteasas necesarias para el procesado de las poliproteínas pp1a y pp1ab. La proteasa principal 3CL (quimiotripsina-like) da lugar a la formación de las proteínas nsp11/16. La proteasa 3CL se ha constituido como una de las posibles dianas terapéuticas para el desarrollo de fármacos antivirales frente al SARS-CoV-2 debido a su secuencia y estructura altamente conservada entre todos los coronavirus. Durante la pandemia del SARS-CoV-1 se identificó un derivado hidroximetilcetona (PF-00835231) con una intensa actividad inhibidora frente a la proteasa 3CL. Las modificaciones químicas posteriores dieron lugar al derivado PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir) que ha mostrado una elevada eficacia antiviral frente al SARS-CoV-2. Los datos de la compañía indican que es capaz de reducir un 89% el riesgo de hospitalización y fallecimiento de los pacientes infectados con apenas efectos adversos. Su eficacia mejora si se administra por vía oral en las primeras 24-48 horas y la duración del tratamiento se ha establecido entre 3-5 días. La forma comercial lleva asociada el antiviral ritonavir que ha mostrado enlentecer el metabolismo de nirmatrelvir, alargando su vida media. Este antiviral sería eficaz frente a las actuales y futuras variantes virales, ya que la 3CL no se modifica en ellas. La FDA aprobó este antiviral en noviembre de 2021 y la EMA está en fase de evaluación final.

          Translated abstract

          All coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2, encode two pro-teases needed for the processing of PP1A and PP1AB polyproteins. The main protease 3CL (chemotripsine-like) gives rise to the formation of NSP11/16 proteins. The 3CL protease has been constituted as one of the possible therapeutic targets for the development of antiviral drugs against SARS-COV-2 due to its highly conserved sequence and structure among all coronaviruses. During the SARS-COV-1 pandemic, a hydroxymethyl ke-tone derivative (PF-00835231) was identified with an intense inhibitory activity against the 3CL protease. Subsequent chemical modifications gave rise to derivative PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir) which has shown a high antiviral efficacy against SARS-COV-2. The company’s data indicate that it is capable of reducing 89% the risk of hospitalization and death of patients infected with hardly adverse effects. Its effectiveness improves if it is administered orally in the first 24-48 hours and the duration of treatment has been established between 3-5 days. The commercial form has been associated with the antiviral ritonavir that has shown the metabolism of nirmatrelvir, lengthening its average life. This antiviral would be effective against current and future viral variants, since 3CL is not modified in them. The FDA approved this antiviral in November 2021 and EMA is in the final evaluation phase.

          Related collections

          Most cited references26

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with Covid-19

          Background Nirmatrelvir is an orally administered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease (M pro ) inhibitor with potent pan–human-coronavirus activity in vitro. Methods We conducted a phase 2–3 double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in which symptomatic, unvaccinated, nonhospitalized adults at high risk for progression to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 300 mg of nirmatrelvir plus 100 mg of ritonavir (a pharmacokinetic enhancer) or placebo every 12 hours for 5 days. Covid-19–related hospitalization or death from any cause through day 28, viral load, and safety were evaluated. Results A total of 2246 patients underwent randomization; 1120 patients received nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (nirmatrelvir group) and 1126 received placebo (placebo group). In the planned interim analysis of patients treated within 3 days after symptom onset (modified intention-to treat population, comprising 774 of the 1361 patients in the full analysis population), the incidence of Covid-19–related hospitalization or death by day 28 was lower in the nirmatrelvir group than in the placebo group by 6.32 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], −9.04 to −3.59; P<0.001; relative risk reduction, 89.1%); the incidence was 0.77% (3 of 389 patients) in the nirmatrelvir group, with 0 deaths, as compared with 7.01% (27 of 385 patients) in the placebo group, with 7 deaths. Efficacy was maintained in the final analysis involving the 1379 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population, with a difference of −5.81 percentage points (95% CI, −7.78 to −3.84; P<0.001; relative risk reduction, 88.9%). All 13 deaths occurred in the placebo group. The viral load was lower with nirmaltrelvir plus ritonavir than with placebo at day 5 of treatment, with an adjusted mean difference of −0.868 log 10 copies per milliliter when treatment was initiated within 3 days after the onset of symptoms. The incidence of adverse events that emerged during the treatment period was similar in the two groups (any adverse event, 22.6% with nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir vs. 23.9% with placebo; serious adverse events, 1.6% vs. 6.6%; and adverse events leading to discontinuation of the drugs or placebo, 2.1% vs. 4.2%). Dysgeusia (5.6% vs. 0.3%) and diarrhea (3.1% vs. 1.6%) occurred more frequently with nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir than with placebo. Conclusions Treatment of symptomatic Covid-19 with nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir resulted in a risk of progression to severe Covid-19 that was 89% lower than the risk with placebo, without evident safety concerns. (Supported by Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04960202 .)
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease

            SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent responsible for the global COVID-19 outbreak. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a key enzyme that plays a pivotal role in mediating viral replication and transcription. We designed and synthesized two lead compounds (11a and 11b) targeting Mpro. Both exhibited excellent inhibitory activity and potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection activity. The X-ray crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in complex with 11a or 11b, both determined at 1.5 Å resolution, showed that the aldehyde groups of 11a and 11b are covalently bound to Cys145 of Mpro. Both compounds showed good PK properties in vivo, and 11a also exhibited low toxicity, suggesting that these compounds are promising drug candidates.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found

              Coronaviruses — drug discovery and therapeutic options

              Key Points Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) are examples of emerging zoonotic coronavirus infections capable of person-to-person transmission that result in large-scale epidemics with substantial effects on patient health and socioeconomic factors. Unlike patients with mild illnesses that are caused by other human-pathogenic coronaviruses, patients with SARS or MERS coronavirus infections may develop severe acute respiratory disease with multi-organ failure. The case–fatality rates of SARS and MERS are approximately 10% and 35%, respectively. Both SARS and MERS pose major clinical management challenges because there is no specific antiviral treatment that has been proven to be effective in randomized clinical trials for either infection. Substantial efforts are underway to discover new therapeutic agents for coronavirus infections. Virus-based therapies include monoclonal antibodies and antiviral peptides that target the viral spike glycoprotein, viral enzyme inhibitors, viral nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors and inhibitors of other viral structural and accessory proteins. Host-based therapies include agents that potentiate the interferon response or affect either host signalling pathways involved in viral replication or host factors utilized by coronaviruses for viral replication. The major challenges in the clinical development of novel anti-coronavirus drugs include the limited number of suitable animal models for the evaluation of potential treatments for SARS and MERS, the current absence of new SARS cases, the limited number of MERS cases — which are also predominantly geographically confined to the Middle East — as well as the lack of industrial incentives to develop antivirals for mild infections caused by other, less pathogenic coronaviruses. The continuing threat of MERS-CoV to global health 3 years after its discovery presents a golden opportunity to tackle current obstacles in the development of new anti-coronavirus drugs. A well-organized, multidisciplinary, international collaborative network consisting of clinicians, virologists and drug developers, coupled to political commitment, should be formed to carry out clinical trials using anti-coronavirus drugs that have already been shown to be safe and effective in vitro and/or in animal models, particularly lopinavir–ritonavir, interferon beta-1b and monoclonal antibodies and antiviral peptides targeting the viral spike glycoprotein. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.37) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                Revista Española de Quimioterapia
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                0214-3429
                1988-9518
                21 February 2022
                2022
                : 35
                : 3
                : 236-240
                Affiliations
                [1]Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Facultad de Medicina (UIB). Palma de Mallorca.
                Author notes
                Correspondencia: Jordi Reina Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Facultad de Medicina (UIB). Carretera Valldemossa 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca. E-mail: jorge.reina@ 123456ssib.es
                Article
                revespquimioter-35-236
                10.37201/req/002.2022
                9134883
                35183067
                60b9684a-a65c-42d7-8113-8436b8c76e37
                © The Author 2022

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                : 04 January 2022
                : 07 January 2022
                : 11 January 2022
                : 15 January 2022
                Categories
                Revisión

                sars-cov-2,pf-07321332,nirmatrelvir,paxlovidtm,antiviral
                sars-cov-2, pf-07321332, nirmatrelvir, paxlovidtm, antiviral

                Comments

                Comment on this article