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      Acaricidal effect of major compounds to control Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in dairy cows and possible alternatives for reversing multidrug resistance Translated title: Efeito acaricida dos principais compostos no controle de Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) em vacas leiteiras e possíveis alternativas para reverter a resistência múltipla às drogas

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          Abstract

          Tick control represent a great challenge to animal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acaricidal compounds against Rhipicephalus microplus from dairy cattle systems in Paraná State, Brazil. Six farms (PR1-PR6) were selected, where anti-tick products were applied at fixed intervals. Two other farms that adopted alternative protocols; target selective treatment (PRS), and individual-based agroecological protocol (PRA) were also included in the trial. Fully engorged R. microplus were collected for the in vitro adult immersion test (AIT), and the egg hatch test (EHT) in all eight populations. The larval packet test (LPT) was used on PR6 and PRA tick populations. The treatment groups were composed of G1: dichlorvos 45% plus cypermethrin 5%, G2: deltamethrin 2.5%, G3: cypermethrin 15%, chlorpyriphos 25%, plus citronellal 1%, and G4: amitraz 12.5%. The efficacy at PR1 to PR6 revealed that G3 and G4 achieved moderate to high efficacy, from 75.0 to 100.0% and 73 to 98%, respectively. In the LPT, the efficacy at PR6 was 76.0, 67.0, 93.0 and 30.6%, while PRA presented 100.0, 100.0, 100.0, and 54.0%, for G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively. Sustainable parasite control strategies are discussed.

          Resumo

          O controle do carrapato representa um grande desafio na saúde animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de compostos acaricidas contra Rhipicephalus microplus em sistemas de pecuária leiteira no Paraná, Brasil. Foram selecionadas seis fazendas (PR1-PR6), onde são aplicados produtos carrapaticidas regularmente. Duas outras fazendas que adotaram protocolos alternativos, PRS (tratamento seletivo) e PRA (controle agroecológico individual), também foram incluídas nos testes. R. microplus ingurgitadas foram coletados para testes in vitro de imersão em adultos (TIA) e teste de eclosão de ovos (TEO) em todas as oito populações. O teste de envelope de larvas (TEL) foi utilizado nas populações PR6 e PRA. Os grupos de tratamento foram compostos por G1: diclorvos 45% mais cipermetrina 5%, G2: deltametrina 2,5%, G3: cipermetrina 15%, clorpirifos 25% e mais citronelal 1% e G4: amitraz 12,5%. A eficácia em PR1 a PR6 revelou que G3 e G4 obtiveram eficácia de moderada a alta, variando de 75,0% a 100,0% e 73% a 98%, respectivamente. No TEL, a eficácia em PR6 foi de 76,0%, 67,0%, 93,0% e 30,6%, enquanto em PRA apresentou 100,0%, 100,0%, 100,0% e 54,0%, para G1, G2, G3 e G4, respectivamente. Estratégias sustentáveis de controle são discutidas neste documento.

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          Most cited references43

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          Reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in Brazil

          The profitability of livestock activities can be diminished significantly by the effects of parasites. Economic losses caused by cattle parasites in Brazil were estimated on an annual basis, considering the total number of animals at risk and the potential detrimental effects of parasitism on cattle productivity. Estimates in U.S. dollars (USD) were based on reported yield losses among untreated animals and reflected some of the effects of parasitic diseases. Relevant parasites that affect cattle productivity in Brazil, and their economic impact in USD billions include: gastrointestinal nematodes - $7.11; cattle tick (Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus) - $3.24; horn fly (Haematobia irritans) - $2.56; cattle grub (Dermatobia hominis) - $0.38; New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) - $0.34; and stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) - $0.34. The combined annual economic loss due to internal and external parasites of cattle in Brazil considered here was estimated to be at least USD 13.96 billion. These findings are discussed in the context of methodologies and research that are required in order to improve the accuracy of these economic impact assessments. This information needs to be taken into consideration when developing sustainable policies for mitigating the impact of parasitism on the profitability of Brazilian cattle producers.
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            Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: the state of play.

            Cattle ticks are an important constraint on livestock production, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Use of synthetic acaricides is the primary method of tick control; therefore, it would be imperative to develop strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing acaricides. This paper summarizes the status of acaricide resistance in cattle ticks from different parts of the world and reviews modes of action of currently used acaricides, mechanism of resistance development, contributory factors for the development and spread of resistance, management of resistant strains and strategies to prolong the effect of the available acaricides. Use of vaccines, synthetic and botanical acaricides and educating farmers about recommended tick control practices are discussed, along with the integration of currently available options for the management of drug resistance and, ultimately, the control of cattle ticks. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus: laboratory tests of insecticides.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Parasitol Vet
                Rev Bras Parasitol Vet
                rbpv
                Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaária / Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology
                Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária
                0103-846X
                1984-2961
                27 May 2022
                2022
                : 31
                : 2
                : e005422
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalLaboratório de Parasitologia Clínica Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
                [2 ] originalMédica Veterinária autônoma, Santana do Itararé, PR, Brasil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Marcelo Beltrão Molento. E-mail: molento@ 123456ufpr.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0572-5628
                Article
                rbpvAO05422_EN 00307
                10.1590/S1984-29612022028
                9901876
                35648979
                5f51fe09-4202-497b-90d1-4b4b49d02c05

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 March 2022
                : 09 May 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 3, References: 33
                Categories
                Original Article

                adult immersion test,ectoparasite resistance,cattle tick,ruminants,sustainable farming,teste de imersão de adultos,ectoparasitas resistentes,carrapato bovino,ruminantes,agricultura sustentável

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