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      Antiviral and antioxidant properties of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using Glaucium flavum leaf extract

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          Abstract

          Nowadays, nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with specific biophysical characteristics have attracted remarkable attention as innovative options for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. In the present research, Au NPs were green synthesized using the Glaucium flavum leaf extract as an inexpensive and eco-friendly synthesis method. Then, the physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering method (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Afterwards, the antioxidant capacity was tested and antiviral activity against influenza virus was evaluated by applying TCID50 and PCR assays. The nanoparticles cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT method. The shape and size of Au nanoparticles were modulated by varying leaf concentrations with face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. At higher concentrations, long-time stable spherical nanoparticles were obtained with a mean particle size of 32 nm and low aggregation degree that could simply combine with various bioactive compounds. The outcomes exhibited effective antiviral and antioxidant activities with low cytotoxicity and acceptable biocompatibility of green synthesized Au NPs. The aim of the present study was to develop a potentially environmentally friendly nanoplatform with excellent antiviral and antioxidant functions and acceptable biocompatibility for promising biomedical applications in the future.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13204-022-02705-1.

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          Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent.

          Wen Jiang, Betty Kim, James T. Rutka … (2008)
          Nanostructures of different sizes, shapes and material properties have many applications in biomedical imaging, clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. In spite of what has been achieved so far, a complete understanding of how cells interact with nanostructures of well-defined sizes, at the molecular level, remains poorly understood. Here we show that gold and silver nanoparticles coated with antibodies can regulate the process of membrane receptor internalization. The binding and activation of membrane receptors and subsequent protein expression strongly depend on nanoparticle size. Although all nanoparticles within the 2-100 nm size range were found to alter signalling processes essential for basic cell functions (including cell death), 40- and 50-nm nanoparticles demonstrated the greatest effect. These results show that nanoparticles should no longer be viewed as simple carriers for biomedical applications, but can also play an active role in mediating biological effects. The findings presented here may assist in the design of nanoscale delivery and therapeutic systems and provide insights into nanotoxicity.
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            Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles

            Parisa Foroozandeh, Azlan Aziz (2018)
            Nanoparticle science is rapidly changing the landscape of various scientific fields and defining new technological platforms. This is perhaps even more evident in the field of nanomedicine whereby nanoparticles have been used as a tool for the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. However, despite the tremendous benefit conferred, common pitfalls of this technology is its potential short and long-term effects on the human body. To understand these issues, many scientific studies have been carried out. This review attempts to shed light on some of these studies and its outcomes. The topics that were examined in this review include the different possible uptake pathways of nanoparticles and intracellular trafficking routes. Additionally, the effect of physicochemical properties of nanoparticle such as size, shape, charge and surface chemistry in determining the mechanism of uptake and biological function of nanoparticles are also addressed.
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              Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years.

              Erik De Clercq, Guangdi Li (2016)
              Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ali Mohammad Amani:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-3071
                amani_a@sums.ac.ir
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Appl Nanosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Appl Nanosci
                Title: Applied Nanoscience
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 2190-5509
                ISSN (Electronic): 2190-5517
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 November 2022
                Pages: 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [2 ]GRID grid.444860.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0600 0546, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Shiraz University of Technology, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-3071
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2705
                DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02705-1
                PMC ID: 9702789
                PubMed ID: 36466143
                SO-VID: 4eb4f83e-8cd4-421b-8af7-b91c3bfaa74a
                Copyright © © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 15 August 2022
                Date accepted : 4 November 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: green synthesis,gold nanoparticles,antioxidant,antiviral,glaucium flavum
                Data availability:
                Keywords: green synthesis, gold nanoparticles, antioxidant, antiviral, glaucium flavum

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