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      An intriguing approach toward antibacterial activity of green synthesized Rutin-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles decorated with nanosilver

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          Abstract

          In recent years, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been applied in various biomedicine fields like bioimaging, drug delivery, and antibacterial alternatives. MSNs could be manufactured through green synthetic methods as environmentally friendly and sustainable synthesis approaches, to improve physiochemical characteristics for biomedical applications. In the present research, we used Rutin (Ru) extract, a biocompatible flavonoid, as the reducing agent and nonsurfactant template for the green synthesis of Ag-decorated MSNs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), brunauer–emmett–teller (BET) analysis, and energy-dispersive system (EDS) spectroscopy were used to evaluate the Ag-decorated MSNs physical characteristics. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli ( E. coli), and also different types of candida. The cytotoxicity test was performed by using the MTT assay. Based on the findings, the significant antimicrobial efficacy of Ru-Ag-decorated MSNs against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and different types of fungi was detected as well as acceptable safety and low cytotoxicity even at lower concentrations. Our results have given a straightforward and cost-effective method for fabricating biodegradable Ag-decorated MSNs. The applications of these MSNs in the domains of biomedicine appear to be promising.

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          Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids

          Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective research, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several groups have demonstrated synergy between active flavonoids as well as between flavonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial flavonoid research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between flavonoid structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids. The activity of quercetin, for example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase. It has also been proposed that sophoraflavone G and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit energy metabolism. Other flavonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2,4,2′-trihydroxy-5′-methylchalcone and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.
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            The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles.

            Nanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent disease using atomic scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promising nanomaterials with antibacterial properties are metallic nanoparticles, which exhibit increased chemical activity due to their large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. The study of bactericidal nanomaterials is particularly timely considering the recent increase of new resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work studies the effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of 1-100 nm on Gram-negative bacteria using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Our results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of approximately 1-10 nm.
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              Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application.

              Nanotechnology is a most promising field for generating new applications in medicine. However, only few nanoproducts are currently in use for medical purposes. A most prominent nanoproduct is nanosilver. Nanosilver particles are generally smaller than 100nm and contain 20-15,000 silver atoms. At nanoscale, silver exhibits remarkably unusual physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to its strong antibacterial activity, nanosilver coatings are used on various textiles but as well as coatings on certain implants. Further, nanosilver is used for treatment of wounds and burns or as a contraceptive and marketed as a water disinfectant and room spray. Thus, use of nanosilver is becoming more and more widespread in medicine and related applications and due to increasing exposure toxicological and environmental issues need to be raised. In sharp contrast to the attention paid to new applications of nanosilver, few studies provide only scant insights into the interaction of nanosilver particle with the human body after entering via different portals. Biodistribution, organ accumulation, degradation, possible adverse effects and toxicity are only slowly recognized and this review is focusing on major questions associated with the increased medical use of nanosilver and related nanomaterials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                amani_a@sums.ac.ir
                mosleh@sutech.ac.ir
                hesam_kamyab@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                12 April 2023
                12 April 2023
                2023
                : 13
                : 5987
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [2 ]GRID grid.444860.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0600 0546, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Shiraz University of Technology, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [4 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [5 ]GRID grid.410877.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2296 1505, Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, ; Jln Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [6 ]GRID grid.427646.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 7786, College of Science for Women, , University of Babylon, ; Hilla, Iraq
                [7 ]GRID grid.517728.e, ISNI 0000 0004 9360 4144, Medical Physics Department, , Al-Mustaqbal University College, ; Hillah, Babil 51001 Iraq
                [8 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                [9 ]GRID grid.412431.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 045X, Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, ; Chennai, 600 077 India
                [10 ]GRID grid.410877.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2296 1505, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, ; Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                Article
                33095
                10.1038/s41598-023-33095-1
                10097644
                37046068
                1af6b332-5e27-48d7-aeb7-de4253c7c800
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 30 December 2022
                : 6 April 2023
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                © The Author(s) 2023

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                biotechnology,materials science,nanoscience and technology
                Uncategorized
                biotechnology, materials science, nanoscience and technology

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