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      Cobaias como modelo para teste de vacinas inativadas contra o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 e o vírus da diarréia viral bovina Translated title: Guinea pigs as a model test of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus inactivated vaccines

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          Abstract

          O presente trabalho relata a avaliação de cobaias como modelo para testes de imunogenicidade de vacinas inativadas contra o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) e o vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV). Para isso, cobaias (n=60) e bovinos (n=10) foram imunizados duas vezes, com intervalo de 28 dias, com uma vacina experimental contendo antígenos dos dois vírus, e testados para anticorpos neutralizantes 28 dias após a segunda dose. Os bovinos foram vacinados com a dose recomendada para a espécie (5mL); as cobaias foram distribuídas em seis grupos e imunizadas com doses fracionadas (0,005mL a 1,6mL). Os grupos de cobaias imunizadas com doses equivalentes a 1/16 (0,320mL) e 1/8 (0,640mL) da dose bovina desenvolveram títulos médios geométricos (GMTs) de 6,46 e 7,56, respectivamente, estatisticamente semelhantes aos dos bovinos (GMT=8) (P>0,05). Uma alta correlação dose-resposta (R²=0,95) foi observada entre as doses vacinais e os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes anti-BoHV-1 nos grupos de cobaias. Por outro lado, não foi possível o estabelecimento de uma dose vacinal que induzisse em cobaias uma resposta neutralizante anti-BVDV em níveis semelhantes à induzida em bovinos. Apenas as cobaias imunizadas com as doses maiores (0,640 e 1,6mL) desenvolveram títulos neutralizantes de magnitude moderada (GMTs de 8 e 9, respectivamente), porém estatisticamente inferiores ao GMT dos bovinos (GMT=34,9) (P<0,05). Esses resultados demonstram que cobaias podem ser utilizadas como modelo para estudos da imunogenicidade de vacinas inativadas contra o BoHV-1. Volumes entre 1/8 e 1/16 da dose bovina são suficientes para induzir nesta espécie uma resposta neutralizante de magnitude equivalente à de bovinos.

          Translated abstract

          The present study reports the use of guinea pigs as a model to study the immunogenicity of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) inactivated vaccines. To this purpose, guinea pigs (60) and calves (10) were immunized twice with a 28 day interval with an experimental vaccine containing antigens of both viruses and tested for virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies 28 days after the second dose. Calves were immunized with the recommended dose (5mL), while the guinea pigs were distributed in six groups and immunized with fractionated doses (0.005 to 1.6mL). Guinea pigs immunized with 1/16 (0.320mL) and 1/8 (0.640mL) of the bovine dose developed VN titers (GMTs) of 6.46 and 7.56, respectively, which were equivalent to the titers developed by calves (GMT=8) (P>0.05). A high correlation (R²=0.95) was observed between the antigen dose and the VN titer developed by all guinea pig groups. On the other hand, it was not possible to establish an antigen dose that induces in guinea pigs a serological response to BVDV equivalent to that induced in calves. Only the two groups given the highest antigen doses developed a consistent anti - BVDV neutralizing response, yet with VN titers (GMT= 8 and 9, respectively) significantly lower (P<0.05) than that induced in calves (GMT=34.9). These results demonstrate that guinea pigs may be used as a model to test the immunogenicity of BoHV-1 inactivated vaccines. Volumes between 1/8 and 1/16 of the bovine dose induce in these animals a VN antibody response of equivalent magnitude to that induced in calves.

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          The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a permissive small animal model of human metapneumovirus infection, pathogenesis, and protective immunity.

          Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is an important cause of acute respiratory tract disease. We undertook to develop a small animal model of hMPV infection, pathogenesis, and protection. Hamsters, guinea pigs, cotton rats, and nine inbred strains of mice were inoculated intranasally with hMPV. The animals were sacrificed, and nasal and lung tissue virus yields were determined by plaque titration. None of the animals exhibited respiratory symptoms. The quantity of virus present in the nasal tissue ranged from 4.6 x 10(2) PFU/gram tissue (C3H mice) to greater than 10(5) PFU/gram (hamster). The amount of virus in the lungs was considerably less than in nasal tissue in each species tested, ranging from undetectable (<5 PFU/g; guinea pigs) to 1.8 x 10(5) PFU/gram (cotton rat). The peak virus titer in cotton rat lungs occurred on day 4 postinfection. hMPV-infected cotton rat lungs examined on day 4 postinfection exhibited histopathological changes consisting of peribronchial inflammatory infiltrates. Immunohistochemical staining detected virus only at the luminal surfaces of respiratory epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tract. hMPV-infected cotton rats mounted virus-neutralizing antibody responses and were partially protected against virus shedding and lung pathology on subsequent rechallenge with hMPV. Viral antigen was undetectable in the lungs on challenge of previously infected animals. This study demonstrates that the cotton rat is a permissive small animal model of hMPV infection that exhibits lung histopathology associated with infection and that primary infection protected animals against subsequent infection. This model will allow further in vivo studies of hMPV pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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            Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 glycoprotein D subunit vaccines and protection against genital HSV-1 or HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs.

            In two recent clinical trials, a vaccine containing herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 glycoprotein D (gD2) and a novel adjuvant AS04 comprising alum (Al) and 3-deactylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3-dMPL) afforded HSV-seronegative women significant protection against HSV-2 genital disease (vaccine efficacy, 73% in study 1 and 74% in study 2) and limited protection against infection (46% in study 1 and 39% in study 2). In the present report, studies in the guinea pig model investigated the protection afforded by gD2/AS04 against HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital herpes and investigated whether immunization could prevent or reduce recurrent disease in guinea pigs that developed mucosal infection. Immunization with gD2/AS04 conveyed nearly complete protection against primary disease with either virus but did not prevent mucosal infection. Guinea pigs immunized with gD2/AS04 were significantly better protected against recurrent disease than were guinea pigs immunized with a gD2/Al vaccine, which suggests that inclusion of 3-dMPL improved protection against latent infection.
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              Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhoea.

              This brief review describes types and quality (efficacy and safety) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) vaccines that are in the market or under development. Both conventional live and killed vaccines are available. The primary aim of vaccination is to prevent congenital infection, but the few vaccines tested are not highly efficacious in this respect, as shown in vaccination-challenge experiments. Vaccination to prevent severe postnatal infections may be indicated when virulent BVDV strains are prevalent. Live BVDV vaccines have given rise to safety problems. A complication for the development of BVDV vaccines is the wide antigenic diversity among wild-type BVDV. There is ample room for improvement of both the efficacy and safety of BVDV vaccines, and it may be expected that better vaccines, among which marker vaccines, will be launched in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                August 2007
                : 37
                : 4
                : 1060-1065
                Affiliations
                [01] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária Brasil
                [02] São Paulo SP orgnameLaboratório Vallée S.A. Brasil
                [03] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Rurais orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Brasil
                Article
                S0103-84782007000400023 S0103-8478(07)03700423
                4125a583-14e7-489a-831f-ac6e0b7e75da

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 May 2006
                : 29 November 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Microbiologia

                cobaias,vaccine test,guinea pigs,experimental model,BVDV,BoHV-1,teste de vacinas,modelo experimental

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