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      Vacina inativada contra a hepatite A: revisão da literatura e considerações sobre seu uso

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          Abstract

          O desenvolvimento, licenciamento e comercialização recentes de uma vacina inativada contra a hepatite A (VIHA) têm possibilitado a obtenção de imunização ativa, segura e provavelmente duradoura contra essa doença. Estudos conduzidos em países desenvolvidos demonstram sua utilidade clínica na prevenção da hepatite A (HA) em viajantes susceptíveis que se dirigem a áreas de alta endemicidade, em crianças pré-escolares e trabalhadores de creches, além de avaliar o uso pós-exposição e em em surtos epidêmicos. Os autores enfocam aspectos epidemiológicos atuais da hepatite A em diferentes regiões visando, através do conhecimento da epidemiologia da doença, esclarecer a utilidade que a VIHA teria no controle dessa doença nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente no Brasil. Com base na sua eficácia, segurança e imunogenicidade, a VIHA se mostra de extremo valor a nível de proteção individual. Porém, devido ao pouco tempo de uso clínico desta vacina, não encontramos disponíveis recomendações formais para o seu uso nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente a nível de Saúde Pública. Dados epidemiológicos atualizados sobre a HA nas diversas regiões brasileiras são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia racional de imunização.

          Translated abstract

          A new, safe, highly immunogenic and probably long term effective inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine has been licensed for clinical use. Clinical trials in developed countries have demonstrated its efficacy in preventing hepatitis A in high risk groups, such as travelers to regions where HAV infection is endemic and day care children and staff, its efficacy in postexposure conditions and in community outbreaks. The authors review the basic and changing features of the disease and its epidemiology in especific geographical regions trying to elucidate its use in the control of the disease in developing countries, especially in Brazil. Taking in consideration its efficacy, safety and immunogenicity, the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine may be of extreme value in terms of individual protection. Because this vaccine is so new, there are no formal recomendations for its use in developing countries, and appropriate public health use of hepatitis A vaccine requires up-to-date epidemiological information.

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          Most cited references58

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          Type A viral hepatitis. New developments in an old disease.

          S. Lemon (1985)
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            The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the United States.

            Hepatitis types A, B, and C are the most important forms of viral hepatitis in the Unites States. High-risk sexual and drug use behavior have been associated with epidemics of hepatitis A and endemic transmission of both hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Immune globulin preparations and vaccines have been developed that effectively prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis B. In the absence of such preventive measures, the prevention of hepatitis C will depend on a better understanding of the host and environmental factors that facilitate transmission of this disease.
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              History and epidemiology of hepatitis A virus.

              Hepatitis A was clearly recognized as an entity separate from other types of hepatitis during World War II, but only later did studies provide convincing evidence of the prevalence and transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Disease incidence varies over time and geography, with wide differences from country to country and even within cities. Noted recently is a shift in prevalence in cases from childhood to adulthood. Incidence figures are unreliable. Epidemiology of the disease is best defined by measurement of anti-HAV antibodies. HAV is a very stable virus, frequently found in urban sewage. Infections occur early in life when sanitation is poor and living conditions crowded, but improvements in sanitation and hygiene have delayed infection, resulting in increasing numbers of adults susceptible to HAV. Transmission of HAV by blood is rare. High-risk persons include injection drug users, institutionalized persons and their caretakers, and those who travel from low-prevalence to high-prevalence countries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rsbmt
                Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
                Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT (Uberaba )
                1678-9849
                April 1997
                : 30
                : 2
                : 145-157
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0037-86821997000200010
                10.1590/S0037-86821997000200010
                129fde58-f7d4-4bb0-9f89-f283eb5cd59b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0037-8682&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Epidemiology,Profilaxis,Immunization,Vacina inativada contra a hepatite A,Inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine,Epidemiologia,Profilaxia,Imunização

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