The extracellular matrix of green algae

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Abstract

Green algae display a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that include various types of cell walls (CW), scales, crystalline glycoprotein coverings, hydrophobic compounds, and complex gels or mucilage. Recently, new information derived from genomic/transcriptomic screening, advanced biochemical analyses, immunocytochemical studies, and ecophysiology has significantly enhanced and refined our understanding of the green algal ECM. In the later diverging charophyte group of green algae, the CW and other ECM components provide insight into the evolution of plants and the ways the ECM modulates during environmental stress. Chlorophytes produce diverse ECM components, many of which have been exploited for various uses in medicine, food, and biofuel production. This review highlights major advances in ECM studies of green algae.

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Hemicelluloses.

Henrik Scheller, Peter Ulvskov (2010)

Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1-->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans. These types of hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of all terrestrial plants, except for beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans, which are restricted to Poales and a few other groups. The detailed structure of the hemicelluloses and their abundance vary widely between different species and cell types. The most important biological role of hemicelluloses is their contribution to strengthening the cell wall by interaction with cellulose and, in some walls, with lignin. These features are discussed in relation to widely accepted models of the primary wall. Hemicelluloses are synthesized by glycosyltransferases located in the Golgi membranes. Many glycosyltransferases needed for biosynthesis of xyloglucans and mannans are known. In contrast, the biosynthesis of xylans and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans remains very elusive, and recent studies have led to more questions than answers.

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One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants

James Leebens-Mack, Michael S Barker, Eric J Carpenter … (2019)

Green plants (Viridiplantae) include around 450,000–500,000 species 1,2 of great diversity and have important roles in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, as part of the One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative, we sequenced the vegetative transcriptomes of 1,124 species that span the diversity of plants in a broad sense (Archaeplastida), including green plants (Viridiplantae), glaucophytes (Glaucophyta) and red algae (Rhodophyta). Our analysis provides a robust phylogenomic framework for examining the evolution of green plants. Most inferred species relationships are well supported across multiple species tree and supermatrix analyses, but discordance among plastid and nuclear gene trees at a few important nodes highlights the complexity of plant genome evolution, including polyploidy, periods of rapid speciation, and extinction. Incomplete sorting of ancestral variation, polyploidization and massive expansions of gene families punctuate the evolutionary history of green plants. Notably, we find that large expansions of gene families preceded the origins of green plants, land plants and vascular plants, whereas whole-genome duplications are inferred to have occurred repeatedly throughout the evolution of flowering plants and ferns. The increasing availability of high-quality plant genome sequences and advances in functional genomics are enabling research on genome evolution across the green tree of life.

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Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes

Sina M Adl, David Bass, Christopher E Lane … (2019)

Abstract This revision of the classification of eukaryotes follows that of Adl et al., 2012 [J. Euk. Microbiol. 59(5)] and retains an emphasis on protists. Changes since have improved the resolution of many nodes in phylogenetic analyses. For some clades even families are being clearly resolved. As we had predicted, environmental sampling in the intervening years has massively increased the genetic information at hand. Consequently, we have discovered novel clades, exciting new genera and uncovered a massive species level diversity beyond the morphological species descriptions. Several clades known from environmental samples only have now found their home. Sampling soils, deeper marine waters and the deep sea will continue to fill us with surprises. The main changes in this revision are the confirmation that eukaryotes form at least two domains, the loss of monophyly in the Excavata, robust support for the Haptista and Cryptista. We provide suggested primer sets for DNA sequences from environmental samples that are effective for each clade. We have provided a guide to trophic functional guilds in an appendix, to facilitate the interpretation of environmental samples, and a standardized taxonomic guide for East Asian users.

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Author and article information

Contributors

David S Domozych:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8800-0061

Josephine G LoRicco:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1550-2463

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plant Physiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plant Physiol

Journal ID (publisher-id): plphys

Title: Plant Physiology

Publisher: Oxford University Press (US )

ISSN (Print): 0032-0889

ISSN (Electronic): 1532-2548

Publication date Collection: January 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 03 July 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 03 July 2023

Volume: 194

Issue: 1

Pages: 15-32

Affiliations

Department of Biology, Skidmore College , Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA

Author notes

Author for correspondence: ddomoz@ 123456skidmore.edu

D.S.D. and J.G.L. contributed to the literature search, draft composition, and subsequent editorial changes.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in the article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors ( https://academic.oup.com/plphys/pages/general-instructions) is: David S. Domozych ( ddomoz@ 123456skidmore.edu ).

Conflict of interest statement. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Author information

David S Domozych https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8800-0061

Josephine G LoRicco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1550-2463

Article

Publisher ID: kiad384

DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad384

PMC ID: 10762512

PubMed ID: 37399237

SO-VID: 33c8be61-8d10-4124-8bcd-4b4ec006c220

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 14 February 2023

Date accepted : 30 May 2023

Date: 02 August 2023

Page count

Pages: 18

Funding

Funded by: National Science Foundation, DOI 10.13039/100000001;

Award ID: 2129443

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The extracellular matrix of green algae

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Arabidopsis genomics

Most cited references 209

Hemicelluloses.

One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants

Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes

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