We12BFit!—Improving Physical Fitness in 7–12-Year-Old Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: Protocol of a Multicenter Single-Arm Mixed-Method Study

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Abstract

Background: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are less physically fit than their typically developing peers. No substantiated treatments are available for children with DCD to address this issue.

Aims: This study aims to describe 1. the design and rationale of We12BFit!-PF, a training to increase cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and anaerobic power in 7-12-year-old children with DCD and 2. the methods to examine its preliminary effectiveness and feasibility.

Methods: We12BFit!-PF was developed using the steps of defining a treatment theory as proposed by Whyte et al. This includes the definition of targets, mechanisms of action, and essential ingredients. We12BFit!-PF will be evaluated in children diagnosed with DCD according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) aged 7–12, recruited from rehabilitation centers and physical therapy clinics. Indication for participation will be a need related to enhancing PF, for example tiring quickly, being quickly out of breath or being unable to keep up with peers during PA. During the treatment the participants will be engaged in a group training (2 × 60 min/week, 10 weeks) targeting cardiorespiratory fitness using high intensity interval training, muscle strength using exercises without weights and anaerobic power using plyometrics. Training intensity during high intensity interval training will be monitored with heart rate monitors, if necessary the intensity will be adjusted. Using a single-arm mixed-method design, the preliminary effectiveness will be determined using the 20 meter Shuttle Run Test, hand held dynamometry (JAMAR and MicroFET) and the Muscle Power Sprint Test, which will be assessed in week 0, 11, and 23. Feasibility will be assessed by interviewing parents and children and by organizing a focus group session with the trainers at the end of We12BFit!-PF. Based on a 5% improvement in VO _2peak the minimum sample size is 19 children.

Ethics and dissemination: The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen medical ethics committee approved the study (METC 2015.216). Final results will be disseminated via scientific publications, presentations and congress proceedings. Funding organizations will receive a final study report.

Trial Registration: This study was registered with Netherlands Trial Registry (NTR6334, www.trialregister.nl).

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Most cited references 33

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Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health.

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This review aims to summarize the latest developments with regard to physical fitness and several health outcomes in young people. The literature reviewed suggests that (1) cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with total and abdominal adiposity; (2) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are shown to be associated with established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors; (3) improvements in muscular fitness and speed/agility, rather than cardiorespiratory fitness, seem to have a positive effect on skeletal health; (4) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness enhancements are recommended in pediatric cancer patients/survivors in order to attenuate fatigue and improve their quality of life; and (5) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness have positive effects on depression, anxiety, mood status and self-esteem, and seem also to be associated with a higher academic performance. In conclusion, health promotion policies and physical activity programs should be designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, but also two other physical fitness components such us muscular fitness and speed/agility. Schools may play an important role by identifying children with low physical fitness and by promoting positive health behaviors such as encouraging children to be active, with special emphasis on the intensity of the activity.

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The level and tempo of children's physical activities: an observational study.

Michael Pepper, B. D. Cooper, Douglas J H Olson … (1995)

We develop an observation system that quantifies the duration, intensity, and frequency of children's physical activities. We use this system to assess the level and tempo of energy expenditure under free-ranging, natural conditions experienced by 15 children aged 6-10 yr in southern California. Observations were recorded every 3 s during 4-h time blocks from 8:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. Agreement among observers using the coding system was 91%. Using indirect calorimetry, calibration studies in the laboratory determined VO2 (ml.min-1.min-1) during each coded activity, and activities were categorized by intensity (low, medium, or high). Subjects were found to engage in activities of low intensity 77.1% of time and activities of high intensity 3.1% of time. The median duration of low and medium intensity activities was 6 s, of high intensity activities only 3 s with 95% lasting less than 15 s. Children engaged in very short bursts of intense physical activity interspersed with varying intervals of low and moderate intensity. These findings may be important for discovering how children's activity patterns under natural conditions influence physiological processes leading to growth and development. This study demonstrates the advantages of using an observational system that captures more than the intensity and frequency of children's activities to include duration and the length of intervals between activities of varying intensity.

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A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max.

L Leger, Christopher Lambert (1981)

In order to validate a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test for the prediction of VO2 max, 91 adults (32 females and 59 males, aged 27.3 +/- 9.2 and 24.8 +/- 5.5 year respectively and with mean VO2 max (+/- SD) of 39.3 +/- 8.3 and 51.6 +/- 7.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1 respectively) performed the test and had VO2 max estimated by the retroextrapolation method (extrapolation to time zero of recovery of the exponential least squares regression of the first four 20-s recovery VO2 values). Starting at 8 km . h-1 and increasing by 0.5 km . h-1 every 2 min, the 20-m shuttle run test enabled prediction of the VO2 max (y, ml . kg-1 . min-1) from the maximal speed (x, km . h-1) by means of the following regression equation: y = 5.857x - 19.458; r = 0.84 and SEE = 5.4. Later, the multistage protocol was slightly modified to its final version, in which the test started at stage 7 Met and continued with a 1 Met (3.5 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1) increment every 2 min. Twenty-five of the 91 subjects performed the 20-m shuttle test twice, once on a hard, low-friction surface (vinyl-asbestos tiles) and another time on a rubber floor, as well as a walking maximal multistage test on an inclined treadmill. There was no difference between the means of these tests or between the slopes of the VO2max - maximal speed regressions for the two types of surfaces. The 20-m shuttle run test and another maximal multistage field test involving continuous track running gave comparable results (r = 0.92, SEE = 2.6 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 70). Finally, test and retest of the 20-m shuttle run test also yielded comparable results (r = 0.975, SEE = 2.0 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 50). It is concluded that the 20-m shuttle run test is valid and reliable test for the prediction of the VO2 max of male and female adults, individually or in groups, on most gymnasium surfaces.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Petra Braaksma: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/548789/overview

Ilse Stuive: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/655213/overview

Frouwien D. van der Hoek: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/624959/overview

Corry K. van der Sluis: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/396457/overview

Marina M. Schoemaker: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/483092/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Pediatr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Pediatr

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Pediatr.

Title: Frontiers in Pediatrics

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 2296-2360

Publication date (Electronic): 18 December 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 6

Electronic Location Identifier: 396

Affiliations

[1] ¹Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands

[2] ²Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands

[3] ³Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands

Author notes

Edited by: Henrique Barros, Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Reviewed by: Gerard Louis Breart, INSERM U1153 Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Daniel Edward Lumsden, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom

*Correspondence: Petra Braaksma p.braaksma@ 123456umcg.nl

This article was submitted to Pediatric Neurology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00396

PMC ID: 6305409

SO-VID: 2f6376ed-0ae0-431d-b41a-0c63cab801af

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 12 July 2018

Date accepted : 29 November 2018

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 9, Words: 7127

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We12BFit!—Improving Physical Fitness in 7–12-Year-Old Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: Protocol of a Multicenter Single-Arm Mixed-Method Study

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Most cited references 33

Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health.

The level and tempo of children's physical activities: an observational study.

A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max.

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