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      The Relationship between Isometric Force-Time Characteristics and Dynamic Performance: A Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this article was to review the data on the relationship between multi-joint isometric strength test (IsoTest) force-time characteristics (peak force, rate of force development and impulse) and dynamic performance that is available in the current literature. Four electronic databases were searched using search terms related to IsoTest. Studies were considered eligible if they were original research studies that investigated the relationships between multi-joint IsoTest and performance of dynamic movements; published in peer-reviewed journals; had participants who were athletes or active individuals who participate in recreational sports or resistance training, with no restriction on sex; and had full text available. A total of 47 studies were selected. These studies showed significant small to large correlations between isometric bench press (IBP) force-time variables and upper body dynamic performances ( r 2 = 0.221 to 0.608, p < 0.05) and significant small to very large correlation between isometric squat (ISqT) ( r 2 = 0.085 to 0.746, p < 0.05) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) ( r 2 = 0.120 to 0.941, p < 0.05) force-time variables with lower body dynamic performances. IsoTest force-time characteristics were shown to have small to very large correlations with dynamic performances of the upper and lower limbs as well as performance of sporting movements ( r 2 = 0.118 to 0.700, p < 0.05). These data suggest that IsoTest force-time characteristics provide insights into the force production capability of athletes which give insight into dynamic performance capabilities.

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          Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training.

          Robert U Newton, Michael McGuigan, Prue Cormie (2010)
          To determine whether the magnitude of improvement in athletic performance and the mechanisms driving these adaptations differ in relatively weak individuals exposed to either ballistic power training or heavy strength training. Relatively weak men (n = 24) who could perform the back squat with proficient technique were randomized into three groups: strength training (n = 8; ST), power training (n = 8; PT), or control (n = 8). Training involved three sessions per week for 10 wk in which subjects performed back squats with 75%-90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM; ST) or maximal-effort jump squats with 0%-30% 1RM (PT). Jump and sprint performances were assessed as well as measures of the force-velocity relationship, jumping mechanics, muscle architecture, and neural drive. Both experimental groups showed significant (P < or = 0.05) improvements in jump and sprint performances after training with no significant between-group differences evident in either jump (peak power: ST = 17.7% +/- 9.3%, PT = 17.6% +/- 4.5%) or sprint performance (40-m sprint: ST = 2.2% +/- 1.9%, PT = 3.6% +/- 2.3%). ST also displayed a significant increase in maximal strength that was significantly greater than the PT group (squat 1RM: ST = 31.2% +/- 11.3%, PT = 4.5% +/- 7.1%). The mechanisms driving these improvements included significant (P < or = 0.05) changes in the force-velocity relationship, jump mechanics, muscle architecture, and neural activation that showed a degree of specificity to the different training stimuli. Improvements in athletic performance were similar in relatively weak individuals exposed to either ballistic power training or heavy strength training for 10 wk. These performance improvements were mediated through neuromuscular adaptations specific to the training stimulus. The ability of strength training to render similar short-term improvements in athletic performance as ballistic power training, coupled with the potential long-term benefits of improved maximal strength, makes strength training a more effective training modality for relatively weak individuals.
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            Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests.

            Goran Markovic, Drazan Dizdar, Igor Jukic … (2004)
            The primary aim of this study was to determine reliability and factorial validity of squat (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. The secondary aim was to compare 3 popular methods for the estimation of vertical jumping height. Physical education students (n = 93) performed 7 explosive power tests: 5 different vertical jumps (Sargent jump, Abalakow's jump with arm swing and without arm swing, SJ, and CMJ) and 2 horizontal jumps (standing long jump and standing triple jump). The greatest reliability among all jumping tests (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97 and 0.98) had SJ and CMJ. The reliability alpha coefficients for other jumps were also high and varied between 0.93 and 0.96. Within-subject variation (CV) in jumping tests ranged between 2.4 and 4.6%, the values being lowest in both horizontal jumps and CMJ. Factor analysis resulted in the extraction of only 1 significant principal component, which explained 66.43% of the variance of all 7 jumping tests. Since all jumping tests had high correlation coefficients with the principal component (r = 0.76-0.87), it was interpreted as the explosive power factor. The CMJ test showed the highest relationship with the explosive power factor (r = 0.87), that is, the greatest factorial validity. Other jumping tests had lower but relatively homogeneous correlation with the explosive power factor extracted. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that CMJ and SJ, measured by means of contact mat and digital timer, are the most reliable and valid field tests for the estimation of explosive power of the lower limbs in physically active men.
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              Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes.

              Tania Spiteri, Sophia Nimphius, Nicolas Hart … (2014)
              Research has often examined the relationship between 1 or 2 measures of strength and change of direction (COD) ability reporting inconsistent relationships to performance. These inconsistencies may be the result of the strength assessment used and the assumption that 1 measure of strength can represent all "types" of strength required during a COD task. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between several lower-body strength and power measures, COD, and agility performance. Twelve (n = 12) elite female basketball athletes completed a maximal dynamic back squat, isometric midthigh pull, eccentric and concentric only back squat, and a countermovement jump, followed by 2 COD tests (505 and T-test) and a reactive agility test. Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise regression analysis were performed on all variables. The percentage contribution of each strength measure to an athletes total strength score was also determined. Our results demonstrated that both COD tests were significantly correlated to maximal dynamic, isometric, concentric, and eccentric strength (r = -0.79 to -0.89), with eccentric strength identified as the sole predictor of COD performance. Agility performance did not correlate with any measure of strength (r = -0.08 to -0.36), whereas lower-body power demonstrated no correlation to either agility or COD performance (r = -0.19 to -0.46). These findings demonstrate the importance of multiple strength components for COD ability, highlighting eccentric strength as a deterministic factor of COD performance. Coaches should aim to develop a well-rounded strength base in athletes; ensuring eccentric strength is developed as effectively as the often-emphasized concentric or overall dynamic strength capacity.
              Article 0 comments Cited 104 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sports (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sports (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sports
                Title: Sports
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2075-4663
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: May 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 63
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore 397630, Singapore
                [2 ]Physical Education and Sports Science National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore; barbosa@ 123456ipb.pt
                [3 ]Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia; g.haff@ 123456ecu.edu.au
                [4 ]Directorate of Sports, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK
                [5 ]Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300 Bragança, Portugal
                [6 ]Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001 Vila Real, Portugal
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: danny_lum@ 123456sport.gov.sg ; Tel.: +65-9729-0819
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-7750
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7071-2116
                Article
                Publisher ID: sports-08-00063
                DOI: 10.3390/sports8050063
                PMC ID: 7281606
                PubMed ID: 32429176
                SO-VID: 1c386c98-73bc-4960-a8bf-60c136924bbb
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 March 2020
                Date accepted : 11 May 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: isometric strength test,peak force,rate of force development,impulse
                Data availability:
                Keywords: isometric strength test, peak force, rate of force development, impulse

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